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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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muscles are composed of thousands of long thin _____
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fibers
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the maximum tension (force) a muscle can produce is proportional to the _____ and depends on the _____ of the muscle
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cross sectional area; length
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the maximum tension of most muscles is achieved when the muscle is stimulated _______
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in its relaxed state (free length)
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joint articulation (movement) usually involves
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normal and antagoinistic muscle action
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Name the five common shapes of muscles
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cirvular, convergent, parallel, pennate and fusiform
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Fusiform muscle
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the line of action is a straight line between the origin and insertion (ends)
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Torque (or moment)
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a force which causes some rotational motion about a fixed point
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Statics
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the study of forces acting on an object which is in equilibrium (no motion)
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Two conditions for an object to be in equilibrium
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Net Force = 0
Net Torque = 0 |
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Two components necessary to calculate torque
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distance from the pivot (r)
the applied perpendicular force on the object and it's corresponding angle (Fsinθ) |
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What angle of force will allow maximum toque?
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when sinθ = 1 or the angle is 90° [perpendicular to the direction of r]
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Mechanical Advantage (M.A.)
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the ratio of the load force (over) to the applied force
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Pennate Muscle
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Muscle in which the line of action is at an oblique angle to the length of the angle.
Allows for minimized force |
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Class I lever [and its mechanical advantage]
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lever system in which the applied and load force are on opposite sides of the fulcrum. The mechanical advantage can be efficient or inefficient.
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Class II lever [and its mechanical advantage]
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lever system in which both forces are on the same side of the fulcrum and the applied force is farther. The mechanical advantage is always effecient.
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Class III lever [and it's mechanical advantage]
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lever system in which both forces are on the same side of the fulcrum and the applied force is farther. The mechanical advantage is always ineffecient.
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Recall an anatomical example of a class I lever
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Support of the head about the neck (fulcrum)
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Recall an anatomical example of a class II lever
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Standing on your toes
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Recall an anatomical example of a class III lever
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a bicep curl
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