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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why do we have bones?
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Support
Protection Movement Storage and Blood Cell Formation |
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How much do bones weigh?
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14% of body weight
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Different types of bone?
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Cortex
Cancellous Medullary Cavity |
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Organic Bone
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Collagen (protein)
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Inorganic
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Hydroxyapatite (mineral)
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Axial Skeleton
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80 Bones
Skull Spine Ribs and Sternum |
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Skull
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22 Bones
Protects Brain Houses and protects sense organs |
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Appendicular Skeleton
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Arms
Hips Thighs Legs Feet |
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Adult Dentition
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2.1.2.3: 2 incisors
1 canine 2 premolars 3 molars |
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Child Teeth
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2 incisors
1 canine 2 molars |
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Vertebral Column
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24 non-fused; 9 fused
Protect spinal cord Attachment for muscles Shock absorption |
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Age Estimation Techniques in Children
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Tooth eruption
Bone growth Cranial suture closure |
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Age Estimation Techniques in Adults
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Cranial suture closure
Tooth wear Pubic symphysis stage |
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Tooth Eruption
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Why Classify?
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To identify objects
Because new species and fossils are discovered |
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Taxonomy
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Grouping species into larger categories that share biological similarities.
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Genus
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refers to a small group of organisms similar to each other.
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Species
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refers to one group of interbreeding organisms
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Biological Taxonomic System
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Kingdom
Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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Classification Chart
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Chordata
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nerve cord
gill slit supporting cord along the back |
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Vertebrates
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vertebral column
developed brain paired sensory structures for sight, smell, and balance |
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Classes of Vertebrates
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Jawless Fish
Cartilaginous fish Bony fish Amphibians Reptile Birds Mammals |
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Homologies
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similarities based on descent from a common ancestor.
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Analogies
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similarities based on common function, with no assumed common evolutionary descent.
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Homoplasy
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the separate evolutionary development of similar characteristics in different groups of organisms.
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Ancestral Characters
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characters inherited by a group of organisms from a remote ancestor. Not diagnostic of groups that diverged after the character first appeared.
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Derived characters
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characters that are modified from the ancestral condition. Thus diagnostic of particular lineages.
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Evolutionary Systematics
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presumed ancestors and descendants are traced in time by analysis of homologous characters.
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Cladistics
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based solely on analysis of certain types of homologous characters.
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Biological Species Concept
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groups of individuals capable of interbreeding, but reproductively isolated from other such groups.
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Ecological Species Concept
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group of organisms exploiting a single niche, emphasizes the role of natural selection in separating species from one another.
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Recognition Species Concept
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groups of individuals with the ability to identify members of their own species for purposes of mating.
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Phylogenetic Species Concept
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species based on an identifiable parental pattern of ancestry. Uses phenotypic and/or genotypic characteristics.
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Speciation
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process by which a new species evolves from a prior species. The most basic process in macroevolution
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Allopatric Speciation
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living in different areas
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Intraspecific Variation
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individual, age, and sex differences seen within every biological species.
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Interspecific Variation
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differences between reproductively isolated species.
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"Splitters"
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researchers who claim speciation occurred frequently during hominid evolution.
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"Lumpers"
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assume speciation was less common and see much variation as being intraspecific.
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