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56 Cards in this Set
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Osteology
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The study of bones, human and non-human.
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What are the 5 elements of skeletal biology?
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1. Functional Morphology
2. Metric 3. Forensic 4. Paleopathology 5. Bioarchaeology |
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Human Paleontology
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the study of ancient hominids
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Metric skeletal biology
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The measurements of skeletal elements
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What are the 3 things to measure of skeletal elements?
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1. stature estimation
2. biological group assignment 3. growth patterns |
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What is the problem with Metric measurements of skeletal biology that should be considered?
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Often based on modern populations.
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Paleopathology
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Study of diseases in
ancient populations, especially those that affect the bones |
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Forensic (skeletal biology)
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Application of osteological techniques to the legal questions
-Usually in a modern context of less than 50 years. |
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What was the signicance of Clyde Snow's study in Guatemala?
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It's an example of forensic skeletal biology
Investigated the clandestine graves of Mayan campesinos in 1990-1991, suspected to have murdered in the 1980s, president apologized for 20 deaths in 2000, but by 2004 Snow had investigated over 200 clandestine graves and identified almost 3,000 individuals. |
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Functional morphology
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Interplay between soft tissue anatomy and
bones |
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What is functional morphology essential to understanding?
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Biomechanics
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What necessitates
understanding of anatomical relationships in terms of functional morphology? |
Accurate assessment of structure and
function in fossilized remains |
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What are the 5 applications of functional morphology?
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-Historical
– 1. Paleontological – ancient hominids – 2. Archaeological – cultural context • Forensic anthropology • Anatomy: human, comparative • Metric studies • Medical sciences |
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What does White call teeth?
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The interface between organism and
its environment |
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What are both bones and teeth affected by?
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Genetics and the environment
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What are the 3 V's that need to be understood in analyzing skeletal remains?
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1. Visual emphasis – understanding of skeletal and dental anatomy is based on observation of structure
2. Variation – no such thing as “typical” bone 3. Vocabulary – large descriptive vocabulary |
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What are the first 5 questions an osteologist should ask about the bones?
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1. Is it bone?
2. Is it human bone? 3. Is it cranial or postcranial? 4. Which bone is it? 5. Is it an adult or juvenile? |
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What do you look for to tell if a bone is from a juvenile or an adult?
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The presence of the epiphyses.
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What is the epiphyses?
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The cap at the end of a long bone that develops from a secondary ossification center. It appears during the growth process.
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Why do adults have less bones than juveniles?
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By adulthood, all primary and secondary centers of ossification have fused to yield an average of 206 bones.
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How do you tell if a bone is human?
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Fragmentary remains are harder to tell. Look at:
-- Bone morphology – Bone histology – Hair characteristics – DNA; agglutination tests (need soft tissue) – Sinus pattern (especially frontal) |
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What are the 2 bone characteristics that are different between humans and animals bones?
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1. Cortical bone thicker in animal long bones than in humans (humeral/femoral cortical thickness in humans is about ¼ of total diameter)
2. Cranial bone diploe is thinner in animals relative to cortical bone |
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Once identified as human bone, what are some secondary questions that should be asked?
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• Age
• Sex • Stature • Pathology – including trauma • Ancestry – affinity, race, clinal group • Taphonomy • Identity |
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Recovery****
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Screen earth from adobminal region to recovery dietary or fetal skeleton remains
in archaeological context it is important to recognize there is a very large range of varitation in human mortuary practice |
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What is a primary interment?
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a burial in which all the bones are in anatomically "natural arrangement"
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What is a secondary internment?
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a burial in which the bones of a skeleton are not in a "natural" anatomical relationship but have been gathered together sometime after complete or partial disarticulation of the skeleton and then buried
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What is an example of secondary internment?
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Spirit bundles, which is a form of ancestor veneration in North American culture
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What is a multiple internment?
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a burial in which more than one individual is present
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What is cremation?
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a mortuary practice involving the intentional burning of the body
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What is the Body Farm and what does it have to do with archaeological field methods?
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At any one time there will be a number of bodies placed in different settings throughout the facility and left to decompose. The bodies are exposed in a number of ways in order to provide insights into decomposition under varying conditions: for example, some are left out in the open or in the woods, some get buried in shallow graves or entombed in vaults, some have been left in car trunks or submerged in water
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What is the most important source of information when recovering a body in the archaeological setting?
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Context, because it yields the most behavioral information. Excavators must be careful not to destroy it.
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What are the five general features of LIVING bone?
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1. has nerves, arteries, veins,
lymphatics 2. Grows, remodels throughout life 3. Can become diseased 4. Capable of repairing itself 5. Responds to stressors (atrophy or hypertrophy) |
N G D R R
No go dog roof roof |
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What is atrophy?
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Wasting away and reduction in size, particularly after the tissue or organ has matured.
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What is hypertrophy?
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Increase of the volume of a tissue or organ
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What are the 5 functions of bones?
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1. Attachment of muscles, tendons, ligaments
for locomotion, stability 2. Protect vital organs (skull, thorax, pelvis) 3. Depository for calcium – dynamic 4. Red marrow: blood cell manufacture 5. Yellow marrow: fat store |
A P D R Y
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What are the areas of bone when classifying by shape? Give examples.
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1. Long bones (tubular) ex. arms, legs, hands, feet
2. Flat bones ex. sternum, cranial vault 3. Irregular ex. ox coxa, sacrum 4. Sesamoid ex. patella 5. Accessory |
There are 5.
L, F, I, S, A |
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What are sesamoid bones?
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Small bones that lie within tendons near a joint, such as the patella
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What are the areas of the skeleton when classifying by region? Give examples.
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1. Axial (central and upper body) ex. skull, vertebrae, sacrum, ribcage
2. Appendicular (all others) ex. shoulder girdle, arm, hand, pelvic girdle, leg, foot |
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How many bones are in the human body?
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It varies with age and individual. An adult usually has 206.
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Who has larger numbers of bones? What other bones do they have?
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Juveniles. They have more accessory bones.
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What do we see in individuals with smaller numbers of bones ?
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1. fusion of bones w/age
2. congenital absence of bones |
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What are congenital bones?
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They are acquired during development in the uterus and not hereditary
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General bone nomenclature is...
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Not precise, established by convention
More precise when applied to a particular bone |
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When do bone markings occur?
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Wherever there are fibrous attachments to a bone.
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Give examples of where bone markings occur.
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– Ligament
– Tendon [Aponeurosis] – Fascia • Intermuscular septum |
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What is aponeurosis?
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Thick connective tissue. Ex. plantar aponeurosis is the thick connective tissue at the bottom of the foot.
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What is fascia?
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The soft tissue component of connective tissue.It is responsible for maintaining structural integrity; for providing support and protection; and acts as a shock absorber.Fascia functions as the body's first line of defense against pathogenic agents and infections.
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What is the intermuscular septum?
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A connective-tissue partition between muscles. Can be lateral or medial.
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What do tendons do and why do they leave markings?
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They bind muscle to the bone, so by that binding they leave marks.
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What are three distinctive things about markings?
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1. They become more pronounced with age.
2. Usually more prominent in males because they have heavier musculature. 3. Vary according to sports, occupation, hobbies, handedness |
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What are the three types of markings?
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1. Elevations
2. Facets 3. Depressions |
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What is different about elevations in dry vs green bone?
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Elevations may seem smaller in dry bones because fibrocartilage which may coverthese elevations in life is lost during drying or processing of bones
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What are facets?
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Small, smooth, flat areas. Called articular facets if covered with
articular (joint) cartilage. |
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What are 3 depressions?
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1. Small: pit or fovea
2. Large: fossa 3. Length: sulcus or groove |
small, large, length
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What are the two skeletal orientations?
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Reference Positions:
– Standard Anatomical Position - for whole skeleton – Frankfort Horizontal (FH) - for skulls |
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What is the Frankfurt Horizontal orientation?
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2 points of reference:
1. The inferior orbatoli 2. The external auditory meatus |
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