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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy |
deals with the structure of the body and its parts |
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Physiology |
studies how the human body functions. |
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Kinesiology |
Study of human movement |
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Skeletal System |
consists of bones, cartilage,ligaments and tendons and accounts for about 20 percent ofthe body weight |
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1. Axial 2. Appendicular |
2 Main Parts of Skeletal System |
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Axial Skeleton |
- forms the central axis of the human body and includes thebones of the skull, the ossicles of the middle ear, the hyoidbone of the throat, the vertebral column, and the thoraciccage (ribcage) - is to providesupport and protection for the brain, spinal cord, and organsin the ventral body cavity |
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1. The Skull 2. The Vertebral Column 3. The Thoracic Cage |
3 Parts of Axial Skeleton |
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Skull |
- support the structures of the faceand protect the brain |
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22, cranial bones, face bones |
The Skull consists of _____ bones, which are divided into two categories: ___________ and ___________ |
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vertebral column, or spinalcolumn |
surrounds and protectsthe spinal cord, supports thehead, and acts as an attachmentpoint for the ribs and muscles ofthe back and neck |
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thoracic cage |
- also known asthe ribcage, is the skeleton of thechest. - It consists of the ribs,sternum |
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appendicular skeleton |
is composed of thebones of the upper limbs (which function to grasp andmanipulate objects) and the lower limbs (which permitlocomotion) |
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1. Pectoral Girdle 2. Upper Limbs 3. Pelvic Girdle 4. Lower Limbs |
4 Parts of Appendicular Skeleton |
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pectoral girdle bones |
providing the points ofattachment of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton,consists of the clavicle (or collarbone) in theanterior, as well as the scapula (or shoulderblades) in the posterior |
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clavicles |
S-shapedbones that position the arms on the body, liehorizontally across the front of the thorax (chest)just above the first rib |
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scapula |
shoulderblades |
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Upper limbs |
contains 30 bonesin three regions: the arm(shoulderto elbow), the forearm (ulna andradius), and the wrist and hand |
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humerus |
is a long bone ofthe upper limb, which extendsfrom the shoulder to the elbow |
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ulna |
- is a long bone in theforearm - acts as thestabilising bone, with the radiuspivoting to produce movement |
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radius |
- is a long bone in theforearm. It lies laterally andparallel to ulna, the second of theforearm bones - pivotsaround the ulna to producemovement at the proximal anddistal radio-ulnar joints |
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Carpal bones (Proximal) |
A set of eightirregularly shaped bones. These arelocated in the wrist area |
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Metacarpals |
There are five metacarpals, each one related to a digit |
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Phalanges (Distal) |
The bones of thefingers. Each finger has three digital,except for the thumb, which has two. |
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pelvic girdle |
is a ring-like bony structure, located in the lower part of the trunk. It connects the axial skeleton to the lower limbs |
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Ilium |
is the largest part of the coxal bone. It is the upper part and has a fan-like structure |
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Ischium |
It makes the posterior part of the pelvic girdle below the ilium. It provides support while sitting |
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Pubis |
It makes the lower anterior part of the pelvicgirdle |
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Acetabulum |
It is a cavity formed by the fusion of ilium,ischium and pubis. The femur or thigh bone articulateswith the __________ |
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Femur |
- or thighbone, is the longest,heaviest, and strongest bone in thebody - is the only bone in thethigh and the longest bone in thebody |
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patella |
also known as kneecap is located atthe front of the knee joint, within thepatellofemoral groove of the femur.Its superior aspect is attached to thequadriceps tendon and inferioraspect to the patellar ligament |
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tibia |
is the main bone ofthe lower leg, forming what ismore commonly known as theshin |
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fibula |
- or calf bone,parallels and articulates withthe tibia -It is notweight-bearing, but acts as asite for muscle attachmentwhile forming the lateral part ofthe ankle joint |
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proximal, intermediate, and distal |
Tarsal bones of the foot are organised into three rows: |
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Metatarsals |
are located in the forefoot, between the tarsalsand phalanges |
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Phalanges |
are the bones of the toes. The second to fifthtoes all have proximal, middle, and distal phalanges |
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Proximal tarsal bones |
are the talus and calcaneus.These comprise the hindfoot, forming the frameworkaround the proximal ankle and heel |
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navicular |
Intermediate row of tarsal bones contains one bone, the |
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1. Bones 2. Ligaments 3. Tendons 4. Cartilage |
4 Main Types of Organs in Skeletal System |
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Bones |
- provides shape and support for the body, aswell as protection for some organs -also serves as a storage site for mineralsand provides the medium marrow for thedevelopment and storage of blood cells |
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1. Compact tissue 2. Cancellous 3. Subchondral |
3 Types of Bone Tissue |
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Compact tissue |
The harder, outer tissue ofbones |
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Cancellous tissue |
The sponge-like tissue insidebones |
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Subchondral tissue |
The smooth tissue at theends of bones, which is covered with another typeof tissue called cartilage |
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Cartilage |
is a strong, flexible connectivetissue that protects your joints and bones.It acts as a shock absorber throughoutyour body |
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1. Hyaline cartilage 2. Elastic 3. Fibrocartilage |
3 Types of Cartilage |
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Hyaline cartilage |
- slippery and smooth which helps your bones movesmoothly past each other in your joints. It’s flexible but strong enough tohelp your joints hold their shape - locations in your body include:• At the ends of bones that form joints.• Between your ribs.• In your nasal passages |
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Elastic cartilage |
- supports parts of your body that need to bend and moveto function -can bounce back to its original shape, evenafter a strong force - locations in your body include:• Your external ears (the parts of your ear that are outside your body).• Your Eustachian tubes (the tube that carries sounds from your externalear into your head).• Your larynx (your voice box) |
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Fibrocartilage |
- a tough cartilage made of thick fibers. It’s toughenough to hold parts of your body in place and absorb impacts - locations in your body include:• The meniscus in your knee.• In disks between the vertebrae in your spine.• Supporting muscles, tendons and ligaments throughout yourbody |
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Ligaments |
- bands of tissue that help connect bones, joints and organs and hold them inplace -900 |
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Tendon |
- connect your muscles to your bones - is a cord of strong, flexible tissue, similar to a rope -let usmove our limbs. They also help prevent muscle injury byabsorbing some of the impact your muscles take when yourun, jump or do other movements |
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Support |
- function
- The bones and cartilages provide the framework to maintain the body shape. Withoutthese skeletal components, the body parts would collapse |
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Protection |
- function -The vital function of the skeletal system is to protect the internal organs. Thestructures like the skull, rib cage and vertebrae protect the brain, lungs and spinal cordrespectively |
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Movement |
- function -A wider range of body movements is because of the coordinated action of theskeletal system, nervous system and muscles |
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Storage of Minerals |
- function -Bones are a reservoir of minerals like phosphorus and calcium. It alsoplays an important role in calcium metabolism |
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Production of Blood cells |
- function - The bone marrow is a site of haematopoiesis where the formationof blood cells takes place |
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endocrine regulation |
- function - The bonesproduce a non-collagenous protein hormone called osteocalcin which regulates cellular responsesto insulin stimuli |
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Muscular System |
- is composed of specialized cellscalled muscle fibers. Their predominant function iscontractibility -are responsible for movement - 600 - 40 percent of a person'sweight |
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1. skeletal 2. smooth 3. cardiac |
3 Types of Muscle |
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Skeletal Muscle |
- Attached to bones,is responsible for skeletal movements - is also comprise 30 to 40% of your total body mass - They’re the muscles that connect to your bones and allowyou to perform a wide range of movements and functions - are voluntary |
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1. Epimysium
2. Perimysium 3. Endomysium |
3 Types of Skeletal Muscles |
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Epimysium |
The outermost layerof tissue surrounding the entiremuscle |
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Perimysium |
The middle layersurrounding bundles of musclefibers |
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Endomysium |
The innermostlayer surrounding individualmuscle fibers |
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Smooth Muscle |
- found in the walls of the hollow internal organs such as bloodvessels, the gastrointestinal tract, bladder, and uterus, isunder control of the autonomic nervous system -cannot be controlled consciously and thus actsinvoluntarily |
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Cardiac Muscle |
- found in the walls of the heart, is also under control of theautonomic nervous system -rectangular in shape - isinvoluntary, strong, and rhythmical. |
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Movement |
- function
- Skeletal muscles pull on the bones causing movements at the joints.• Skeletal muscles pull on the soft tissues of the face causing facial expressions.• Movement caused by the respiratory muscles enables breathing |
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Support |
- function -Muscles of the body wall support the internal organs.• As these muscles lose their tone, the internal organs of the abdominal-pelvic cavity may bulge outward as seen insome individuals as they age |
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Protection |
- function -Skeletal muscles, particularly of the body wall, cushion the body's internal organs (abdominal cavity) from forceapplied to the exterior of the body |
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Heat generation |
- function -Heat is a waste product of muscle metabolism, which helps maintain an internal body temperature of 98.6 F.• Shivering is a mechanism of the muscular system that generates heat to warm an overly cooled body |
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Blood circulation |
- function -Cardiac muscles aid pumping action of the heart by aiding blood circulation. |
