Skeletal And Muscular System

Front 1

What are the 4 functions of the skeleton?

Back 1

- Shape and Support

- Muscle attachment for movement

- Protection

- Red blood cell production

Front 2

What are the 4 types of bones?

Back 2

Long bones, Short bones, Flat bones, Irregular bones

Front 3

Long bone function and examples

Back 3

Function: act as levers to produce a large range of movement

Examples: femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, ulna, radius, phalanges, clavicle

Front 4

Short bone function and examples

Back 4

Function: Enable movement. Provide movement in lots of directions and also give strength

Examples: carpals, tarsals

Front 5

Flat bone function and examples

Back 5

Function: Provide a large surface area for muscles to attach to. Provide protection for vital organs

Examples: pelvis, cranium, scapula

Front 6

Irregular bone function and examples

Back 6

Function: Provide protection and support. Shaped for each of their specific jobs,

Example: vertebrae

Front 7

What are the 3 types of joints?

Back 7

- Fibrous/ Fixed or immoveable joints

- Cartilaginous/ Slightly moveable joints

- Synovial/ Freely moveable joints

Front 8

Fibrous Joints: description and examples

Back 8

These bones cannot move at all. These bones are joined via fibrous connective tissue.

Example: skull/ cranium

Front 9

Cartilaginous Joints: Description and Examples

Back 9

The bones in these joints can move a small amount as they are linked by cartilage and ligaments (which absorb the movement)

Found in: the vertebral column (spine) and ribs

Front 10

Synovial Joints: Description and Examples

Back 10

Have a greater amount of movement and have a number of parts

Examples: elbow, shoulder, knee, hip

Front 11

Definition of a Joint

Back 11

A point on the body where two or more bones are joined in a way that permits movement

Front 12

What are the two types of the Synovial Joints?

Back 12

- Ball and Socket Joints: Provide large ranges of movement in every direction. One bone has a bulge or ball that fits into a socket in the other bone (examples... shoulders and hips)

- Hinge Joints: Allow movement in one direction. Allow you to bend or straighten (examples...

elbows and knees)

Front 13

Parts of the Synovial Joint

Back 13

- Synovial Membrane

- Synovial fluid

- Joint (Fibrous) Capsule

- Ligament

- Cartilage

- Tendon

Front 14

Function of... Synovial Membrane

Back 14

Surrounds the joint capsule with a synovial fluid

Front 15

Function of... Synovial Fluid

Back 15

Acts as a lubricant that reduces friction

(allows for smooth movement and reduces "wear and tear")

Front 16

Function of... Joint (Fibrous) Capsule

Back 16

Surrounds and protects the joint, holding the bones together

Front 17

Function of... Ligament

Back 17

Holds the bones together and keeps them in place (made up of strong elastic fibres)

Front 18

Function of... Cartilage

Back 18

Acts as a cushion to stop bones from knocking together (found at the end of the bone)

Front 19

Function of... Tendon

Back 19

Connects muscle to bone and enables joints to withstand tension

Front 20

What is flexion and extension?

Back 20

Flexion: involves BENDING a part of the body

Extension: means STRAIGHTENING a part of the body

Front 21

What is abduction and adduction?

Back 21

Abduction: a sideways movement AWAY from the body (e.g. lifting your arm from your side)

Adduction: a sideways movement TOWARDS the centre of your body

Front 22

What is rotation and circumduction?

Back 22

Rotation: a turning point around an imaginary line (e.g. turning your head from left to right)

Circumduction: when the end of a bone moves in a circle

Front 23

What is plantar flexion and dorsiflexion?

Back 23

Plantar flexion: movement in the ankle joint that points the foot AWAY from the leg

Dorsiflexion: movement in the ankle where the toes are BROUGHT CLOSER to the shin

Front 24

Compare the range of movement and stability of ball and socket joints with hinge joints.

Back 24

Hinge joints are those that allow movement along one plane. ... Hinge joints are more stable than ball-and-socket joints. However, ball-and-socket joints allow a greater range of movement along more than one plane.

Front 25

Role of Trapezius

Back 25

Holds and rotates your shoulders

Moves your head back and sideways

Front 26

Role of Deltoids

Back 26

Raises each arm forwards, backwards, and sideways at the shoulder

Front 27

Role of Pectorals

Back 27

Moves the arm at the shoulder through adduction

Front 28

Role of Biceps

Back 28

Bends your arm at the elbow

Front 29

Role of Triceps

Back 29

Straightens your arm at the elbow

Front 30

Role of Latissimus Dorsi (Lats)

Back 30

Pulls your arm down at the shoulder

Draws it back behind your back

Front 31

Role of Abdominals

Back 31

Flexes your spine so that you can bend forwards

Create a pull in the abdomen

Front 32

Role of Hip Flexors

Back 32

Supports movement of the leg and knee upwards

Front 33

Role of Gluteals

Back 33

Pulls your leg back at the hip

Raises your leg sideways at the hip

Front 34

Role of Quadriceps

Back 34

Straightens the leg at the knee

Keeps the leg straight to stand up

Front 35

Role of Hamstrings

Back 35

Bends the leg at the knee

Front 36

Role of Gastrocnemius

Back 36

Straightens the ankle joint so you can stand on your tiptoes

Front 37

Tibialis anterior

Back 37

Helps with dorsiflexion

Front 38

Definiton: Agonist

Back 38

The muscle that contracts to create movement (also called prime mover)

Front 39

Defintion: Antagonist

Back 39

The muscle that relaxes during movement

Front 40

Defintion: Antagonistic

Back 40

Antagonistic muscles work in opposition. The create movement when one contracts (the agonist) and the other relaxes (the antagonist)

Front 41

Definition: Isotonic contraction

Back 41

where muscles CHANGE LENGTH as they contract

(e.g concentric and eccentric contraction)

Front 42

Defintion: Concentric contraction

Back 42

muscle contraction where the muscle SHORTENS

Front 43

Definition: Eccentric contraction

Back 43

muscle contraction where the muscle LENGTHENS

Front 44

Defintion: Isometric contraction

Back 44

Where the muscles contract, but STAY THE SAME LENGTH

Front 45

Definition: Muscle Fibres

Back 45

the cells or basic building blocks of the muscle. They contact when a message from the brain tells them to, enabling movement

Front 46

What are the two main types of muscle fibres?

Back 46

Slow Twitch Fibres and Fast Twitch Fibres

Front 47

Features of Slow Twitch Fibres...

Back 47

- Contact slowly

- Produce a little force

- Higher fatigue tolerance

- Good for ENDURANCE

- Associated with aerobic exercise

Front 48

Features of Fast Twitch Fibres...

Back 48

- Contract quickly

- Produce a large amount of force

- Lower fatigue tolerance (tire quickly)

- Good for STRENGTH and POWER

- Associated with anaerobic exercise