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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Identify basic structure and function of the skeletal system
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Structure: Bone
Cartilage 206 Bones 2 categories: axial and appendicular Function: Provides framework for soft tissues, Provides points of attachment for muscles, Protects vital organs, Movement, Formation of blood cells, Storage for minerals vital to function |
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Axial vs. appendicular skeleton
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Axial: Skull
Sternum Ribs Vertebral Column Bones that form the axis of the body & support/protect organs of the head neck and trunk. Appendicular: Upper extremities Lower extremities Shoulder girdle Pelvic girdle Bones that anchor appendages to the axial skeleton |
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Basics of the synovial joint – i.e. freely moveable
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3 types of joints
Fibrous- immovable Synovial -freely movable Cartilagenous - slightly movable Synovial Joint Characteristics: Hyaline cartilage Articular cartilage Menisci Joint capsule Synovial fluid Bursa Ligaments Tendon |
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Changes in joint associated with age
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Hyaline cartilage wears down
Decrease in synovial fluid Shape and contour of bone changes Bony growths within joint (bone spurs) Decrease in joint flexibility; less ROM Decrease in bone density (osteopenia) (posture changes) |
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Differences between bone and cartilage
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Cartilage (Composed of matrix in which cells are embedded in lacunae.
Does not have haversian systems Cartilage cells – chondrocytes- are scattered randomly throughout the matrix) Chondrin forms a firm matrix allowing cartilage to supply structural support. More flexible than bone Unlike bone, cartilage doesn’t not contain blood vessels Blood supply comes from blood vessels in surrounding connective tissue. Chondrocytes are less metabolically active than osteocytes and heal slower |
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Compact bone vs. spongy bone
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Compact Bone
Hard outer layer composed of compact bone tissue. Has minimal gaps and spaces. Gives bone their smooth, white and solid appearance. 80% of total bone mass ‘dense bone or cortical bone’ Spongy Bone An open cell porous network filling the interior of bone. Makes the overall organ lighter and allows space for blood vessels and marrow. 20% of mass, but has nearly 10x the surface area of compact bone ‘trabecular or cancellous bone’ |
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Structure of a long bone
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Each long bone has a shaft (diaphysis)
and two ends called epiphyses. The central medullary cavity is surrounded by compact bone. Fat is stored in the medullary cavity. The walls of the epiphyses are formed by compact bone. However, the spongy bone interior contains bone marrow where blood cells are produced. |
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Understand the importance/basic structure of the Haversian System
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Haversian System of Compact Bone
Compact bone is organized into interconnecting canals called haversian systems Run parallel to the long axis of bone A central haversian canal is surrounded by layers (lamellae) of bone Cavities called lacunae are between lamellae Each lacunae houses a bone-forming cell Osteocyte Nutrients and waste are transported to and from osteocytes by way of blood capillaries located in the haversian canal. Collagenous fibers are embedded in inorganic salts (calcium and phosphate salts) Collagen fibers allow the bone to withstand stretching and twisting force w/o being brittle Salts allow the bone to have strength |
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Bone remodeling
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A dynamic lifelong process in which the removal and formation of bone are balanced to maintain skeletal strength and integrity.
Old bone is broken down and resorbed by osteoclasts Osteoblasts aid in the replacement of new bone Bone is continually formed and resorbed in order replace old brittle matrix. This allows the bones to better meet the structural requirements/stress placed upon the body. Activity Weight gain After approx. age 30 in women, bone resorption may begin to outpace bone formation. At menopause (45 and 55) bone resorption significantly exceeds formation; osteoblasts cannot keep up with the activity of the osteoclasts, and women begin to lose bone more rapidly. This places them at increased risk for developing osteoporosis and for suffering fractures |
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osteoclast vs. osteoblast and how aging affects this
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Osteoblasts aid in the replacement of new bone
Old bone is broken down and resorbed by osteoclasts |
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Major age-related changes in the skeletal system
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Major change is the loss of calcium from bone
Women 30yrs old/Men 60 yrs old Exercise has been shown to reduce the rate of calcium loss Decreased ability to withstand stress Loss of mineral salts and collagen fibers Increased in the percentage of mineral salts Increased porosity of bone Resorption and formation balance is not well understood Specifically what alters their balance is unknown |
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arthritis
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Arthritis:
General term referring to the various types of inflammation or degenerative changes occurring in joints. Changes typically make the joint swell and movement painful |
