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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy
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The study of "structure & shape" of the body & its parts
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Physiology
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The study of how the body "functions"
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Pathology
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Study of disease
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Pathophysiology
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Study of Mechanism of dis
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Anatomy-Levels of study
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Gross Anatomy-Large structures;
Microscopic Anatomy-Very small structures |
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Atom
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Smallest unit of matter
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Cell
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Smallest unit of all living things
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Levels of Structural Organizational
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Chemical; cellular; Tissue; Organ; organ System; Organismal Level
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Fxns of Skin/Integument
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External body covering; protects internal organs; Synthesize vit D;Nerve recepters
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Skeletal System
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Protection & support; Muscle attachment; blood prod; stores mineral (Ca)
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Muscular System
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Locomotion; Maintains Posture; Heat prod; Coordinate c/ Skeletal system
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Nervous System
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Fast acting control; responds to int/ext change; activates muscles/glands
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Endocrine System
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Secretes regulatory hormones for growth, reprodxn & metabolism; Coordinate c/ Nervous system
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Cardiovascular system
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Transpt'n of o2, co2, nutrients & wastes; coordinates c/ lymphatic sys
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Lymphatic system
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Returns fluids to blood vessels; disposes of debris; invl'd in immunity
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Respiratory System
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O2 supply; co2 removal; coordinates c/ digestive & urinary sys
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Digestive System
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Break down food; Nutrient absorpt'n; eleminat'n
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Urinary System
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Eleminates Nitrogenous wastes; Maint acid-base bal; regulates H2o & electrolytes
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Some Life Fxns
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Responsiveness; Digestion; Metabolism; Excretion; Growth
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Responsiveness
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Ability to sense changes & react
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Metabolism
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Chem'l rxns w/in body
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Growth
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Increase of cell size/number
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Survival Needs
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Nutrients; o2; H2o; stable body temp
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Homeostasis (Receptor-Control ctr- Effector)
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Maint of stable internal environment via Neg feedback except in condit'n--blood clotting & uterine contrat'n
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What R "3 main regions" of the Cell
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Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Plasma membrane
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Cell's Control Ctr
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Nucleus; RBC has no Nucleus; Skeletal muscles have multiple nuclei
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3 main regions of the Nucleus
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Nucleolus, Chromatin, Nuclear envelop/membrane
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Nucleolus
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Site of Ribosomes prod'n; which in turn are site of Protein synthesis
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3 specializat'n of cell membrane
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Tight jxn, Desmosomes, Gap jxn
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Fxn of Microvilli
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To increase the surface area for absorpt'n
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Diff bet'n Rough & Smooth ER
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Rough ER has Ribosomes(protein prod'n); Smooth ER doesn't have ribosomes (fatty acids, phospholipids, steroid prod'n)
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Fxn of Golgi bodies
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Processes, packages & delivers proteins from rough ER to the cell membrane
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Fxn of Lysosomes
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Cellular stomachs (to break down bacteria/debris)
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Fxn of Peroxisomes
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Detoxify harmful subs; digest organic subs & produce hydrogen peroxide
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Fxn of Mitochondria
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The power plants of cell; site of ATP prod'n
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Fxn of Cytoskeleton/Musculoskeleton system of cell
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Give the cell shape & movement
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Fxn of Centrioles
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Form the Mitotic spindle during cell-div'n and make cilia & flagella; Cillia--moves material across the cell surface; Flagellum--propels the cell
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What is solute?
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Substance dissolved in a liquid (the solvent)
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What is a homogeneous mixture of 2 or more components called?
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Solution
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Suspension
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A mixture in which the solute settles out of the solvent
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Hypertonic Solu'n
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A solu'n w/ a higher salt conc'n than in normal cells/blood
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What are 2 types of membrane transport
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Passive & Active transport'n
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Passive transport'n
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No ATP needed; Diffusion & Filtrat'n
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Simple diffusion
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Movement of solutes from high conc'n to low conc'n
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Facilitated Diffusion
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Subs require a Protein carrier to pass through
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Osmosis
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Diff of H2O into solutes; from diluted to concentrated solu'n
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Filtration
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Movement of subs due to gravity or Hydrostatic press
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Active Transport
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Requires ATP; Pumps & Vesicular transport
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Na+/K+ pump
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Subs have to move against conc'n gradient
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Vesicular Transport
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Exocytosis (to the outside) & Endocytosis (to the inside--Pinocytosis{cell drinking}; Phagocytosis{cell eating}
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Cell Life Cycle/division
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Nuclear (Mitosis & Meiosis) & Cytoplasmic (Cytokinesis) division
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Diff bet'n Mitosis & Meiosis
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Mitosis=somatic div (2 daughter nuclei w/ same # of chromosomes as parent cell
Meiosis=reproductive div (2 daughter nuclei w/ 1/2 # of chromosomes as parent cell |
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Cytokinesis
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Results in 2 daughter cells via dividing the cytoplasm
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4 stages of Mitosis
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ProMAT; Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase & Telophase
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Interphase
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No cell div'n; cell grows & carries metabolic processes
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Prophase
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Centromeres migrate to the poles
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Metaphase
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Spindle from centromeres attach to chromosomes aligned in the ctr of the cell
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Anaphase
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Daughter chromosomes are pulled toward the poles & cell begins to elongate
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Telophase
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Daughter nuclei begin forming; clevage furrow for cell div'n begins to form; cytokinesis begins
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What makes the cells to stop dividing?
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Lack of +ve ext'l signals; Cellular aging (except stem cell); Contact inhib'n by other cells
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Mutation
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A permanent change in the cell's DNA; successive mutations leads to cancer cells
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Cancer Genes to control cell div'n
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Oncogenes=stimulate cell div'n (off);
Tumor suppressor genes=prevent div'n (on) |
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Chtz of cancer cell
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Loss of cell div'n control; Heritability (form more CA cells); transplantability; dedifferentiation; ability to metastisize
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4 Primary Tissues
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Epithelial; Connective; Nervous; Muscle
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Epithelial Tissue
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Body covering=protection
Body linings=Absorp'n/Filtrat'n Glandular tissue=Secretion |
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Chtz of Epithelial tissue
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Avascular; Regenerate easily
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Simple Squamous Epithelium
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Single layer of flat cells, ie membranes lining body cavities
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Simple cuboidal epithelium
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Single layer of cuboidal cells, ie ovary coverings, glands, wall of kidney
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Simple columnar epithelium
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Single layer of columnar cells, ie lines digestive tract
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Pseudostratified epithelium
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single layer but some cells are shorter, sometimes ciliated as in respiratory tract
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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Protective covering where fraction is common, ie skin, mouth
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Transitional Epithelium
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Shape depends upon amt of stretching, ie bladder, uterus
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Glandular epithelium
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Endocrine(ductless) & Exocrine(ducted) glands
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Which is the most abundant & widely disributed tissue?
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Connective tissue; binds body tissues & organs together, Support & Protection
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Types of Connective tissue
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Loose/soft=areolar,adipose, reticular
Fibrous/dense=tendons,ligaments,scar Hard=bone, cartilage Liquid=blood, lymph |
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Which is the most common type of Cartilage?
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Hyaline cartilage, ie fetal skeleton
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Which is the most widely distributed connective tissue?
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Areolar(loose) connective tissue
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Reticular Connective tissue
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Forms the internal supporting network for lymphoid organs, ie lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow
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Fxn & types of muscle tissue
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Movement & heat prod'n
Skeletal;Cardiac; Smooth |
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Skeletal Muscle tissue
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Voluntary; cells are striated & multinucleated
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Cardia Muscle tissue
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Involuntary & found in Heart only; cells are striated, but mononucleated
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Smooth Muscle tissue
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Involuntary & surrounds hollow organs; cells are non-striated, but mononucleus
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Types tissue Repair
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Regeneration=Epithelial & Bone
Fibrosis=Nervous & cardiac muscle Poor Regeneration=Skeletal muscle |
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Organs to maintain fluid balance
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Lungs,, Heart, Kidneys, Blood vessels
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Fxns of Body Fluids
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Transport'n of Nutrients/Wastes; Cellular Metabolism; Temp regulat'n;Lubrication of Joints;A component in all body cavities; Solvency
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TBW & factors effecting it
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60% of Total body wt; Age & amt of lean Muscle mass Vs. Fat
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Fluid Compartments
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ICF=2/3 of TBW
ECF=1/3 of TBW *Interstitial fluid=80% of ECF *Intravascular fluid=20% of ECF |
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Fluid Intake
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2400-3200 ml/day; Diet,water/juices, metabolism
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Fluid Loss
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Insensible=Sweating/Breathing
Sensible=Urin |
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Fluid Regulation Mechanisms
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Thirst & Water excretion; Fluid Vol loss leads to ADH & Aldosterone release leads to reduced excretion of H2o & Na
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Factors influencing movement of fluids
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Hydrostatic & Osmotic pressures
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Sodium
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Primary cation in ECF; maintains tonicity of ECF;Nerve conduct'n & neuromuscular fxn; water balance; glandular secretions; acid-base balance
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Causes & Effects of Hyponatremia
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Loss by sweating/vomiting, renal fail
Effect=Nerve conduct'n & fluid imbalance, decreased osmotic pressure in ECF |
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ECF electrolytes
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Na+, Ca+, Cl-, HCO3-
WBCs, Platelets |
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ICF electrolytes
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K+, Mg+, Phos-
Lipids, Polysaccharides |
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Difference bet'n Hypo & Hyperkalemia
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Hypo=P-R longer,T flat, S-T depressed
Hyper=P-R longer, P & QRS wide & flat, S depressed, T high & wide |
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What is the most common cause of Hypotonic Alteration
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Overhydration; it causes the cells to swell
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Chloride/Cl-
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It follows Na+, but opposite to HCO3-;
Facilitates O2 & Co2 exchange in RBCs; activates salivery amylase |
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Potassium/K+
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Dominant cation in ICF; represents the principal osmotic determinant of cell vol; maintain cell electrical neutrality; facilitate cardiac muscle contract'n
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How pH is controlled?
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By Resp system, kidneys, Buffers
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Buffers
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Dissolved compounds that can provide or remove H+; 3major Buffers are-- Protein, Carbonic-acid HCO3 & Phosphate
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Resp Acidosis= pH<7.35, PaCo2>45, HCO3 norm to >26
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Kidneys compensate by increasing the Excretion of H+ in Urine & Adding HCO3- to the blood
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Resp Alkalosis=pH>7.45, PaCo2<35, HCO3 norm to 22
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Kidneys compensate by increasing the Excretion of HCO3-
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Met Acidosis=pH<7.35, paco2<35, HCO3<22
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Gain of acid/loss of HCO3-
Resp compensation is hyperventilation Renal comp'n is an increased excretion of H+ |
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Met Alkalosis=pH>7.45, Paco2>45, HCO3>26
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Gain of HCO3-/loss of acid
Resp compens'n is by hypoventilat'n renal compens'n is an increased excretion of HCO3- |
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Diff bet'n Resp & Renal Comp'n
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Resp comp'n is immediate; Renal comp'n takes 24 hrs, but more effective
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