Sjsm Embryo Block 3

Front 1

what happens when the abdominal left SVC opens into the right atrium through the coronary sinus?

Back 1

double superior vena cava

Front 2

what occurs when the left anterior cardianl vein persists, forming a superior vena cava on the left side?

Back 2

left superior vena cava

Front 3

what is caused by abnormal neural crest cell migration resulting in partial development of the AP septum?

Back 3

persistent truncus arteriosus

Front 4

what results in one large vessel leaving and receiving blood from both the right and left ventricles?

Back 4

persistent truncus arteriorsus

Front 5

what usually presents with a membraneous ventricular septum defect?

Back 5

persistent truncus arteriorsus

Front 6

what is when a newborn is severly cyanotic (R to L shunting of blood)??

Back 6

persistent truncus arteriorsus

Front 7

what is caused by abnormal neural crest cell migration, where the aorta arises from the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk from the left ventricle so the systemic and pulmonary circulation are separated from each other?

Back 7

d-transportation of the great arteries (complete)

Front 8

in what case would a fetus be incompatible with life unless a shunt exists like a VSD, patent foramen ovale, or patent ductus arteriosus?

Back 8

d-transportation of the great arteries (complete)

Front 9

what is pulmonary stenosis, VSD, destraposition of the aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy caused by abnormal neural crest cell migration resulting in skewed development of the AP septum?

Back 9

tetralogy of fallot

Front 10

what results in pulmonary trunk with a small diameter, whereas the aorta has a large diameter?

Back 10

tetralogy of fallot

Front 11

what is associated clinically with marked cyanosis?

Back 11

tetralogy of fallot

Front 12

what is the most common clinically significant Atrial Septum Defects?

Back 12

forament secundum defect

Front 13

what is caused by excessive resorption of septum primum, secundum or both?

Back 13

forament secundum defect

Front 14

what results in an opening between the right and left atria?

Back 14

forament secundum defect

Front 15

what is the condition where there is only formation of only one atrium?

Back 15

common atrium (con triloculare biventrulare)

Front 16

what is closure of foramen ovale during prenatal?

Back 16

premature closure of foramen ovale

Front 17

what results in hypertrophy of the right side of the heart and under development of the left side of the heart?

Back 17

premature closure of foramen ovale

Front 18

what is caused by failure of fusion of the AV cushions?

Back 18

persistent common AV canal

Front 19

what causes a large hole that can be found in the center of the heart?

Back 19

persistent common AV canal

Front 20

what defect occurs when the tricuspid and bicuspid valves are represented by one valve common to both sides of the heart?

Back 20

persistent common AV canal

Front 21

what is caused by failure of the posterior and septal leaflets of the tricuspid valve to attach normally to the annulus fibrosus?

Back 21

ebstein's anomaly

Front 22

hat is when the right ventricle is divided into large, upper, "atrialized" portion and a small, lower, functional portion?

Back 22

ebstein's anomaly

Front 23

what is complete agenesis of the tricuspid calve so that there is no communication between the right atrium and right ventricle?

Back 23

tricuspid atresia (hypoplastic right heart)

Front 24

what causes cyanosis always associated with patent foramen ovale, IV septum defect, overdeveloped left ventricle and underdeveloped right ventricle?

Back 24

tricuspid atresia

Front 25

what is the most common type of VSD?

Back 25

membranous ventricular septum defect

Front 26

what is caused by faulty fusion of the right bulbar ridge, left bulbar ridge, and AV cushions?

Back 26

membranous ventricular septum defect

Front 27

what occurs when large VSD presents with R to L shunting of blood, increased pulmonary blood for, and pulmonary hypertension?

Back 27

membranous ventricular septum defect

Front 28

what is caused by a single or multiple perforations in the muscular IV septum?

Back 28

muscular ventricular septum defect

Front 29

what is caused by failure of the membranous and muscular IV septa to form?

Back 29

common ventricle (cor triloculare biatratum)

Front 30

what is characterized by aortic constriction?

Back 30

coarctation of the aorta

Front 31

what is found inferior to the ductus arteriosus and clinically associated with increased blood pressure in the upper extremities, lack of pulse in the femoral artery?

Back 31

postductal coarctation

Front 32

what is a constriction located superior to the ductus arteriosus?

Back 32

preductal coarctation

Front 33

what is characterized by a vascular ring around the trachea and esophagus?

Back 33

double pharyngeal arch artery

Front 34

what results from failure of the distal part of the right aorta to disappear, so right and left arches form?

Back 34

the vascular ring characteristic of double pharyngeal arch artery

Front 35

what is a connection between the left pulmonary artery and aorta due to failure of closure?

Back 35

patent ductus arteriosus

Front 36

what is associated with maternal rubella infection during early pregnancy?

Back 36

patent ductus arteriosus

Front 37

what is present in infants born at high altitude, hypoxia and immaturity?

Back 37

patent ductus arteriosus

Front 38

what causes a L to R shunting of oxygen rich blood from the aorta back into the pulmonary circulation?

Back 38

patent ductus arteriosus

Front 39

what is treated with prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors (indomethacin), which promote closure?

Back 39

patent ductus arteriosus

Front 40

what is a benign tumor of schwann cells of neural crest origin?

Back 40

schwannoma

Front 41

what causes well circumscribed, encapsulated masses that may or may not be attached to the nerve?

Back 41

schwannoma

Front 42

what has clinical signs of tinnitus and hearing loss?

Back 42

schannoma

Front 43

what is von recklinghausen disease?

Back 43

neurofibromatosis type I

Front 44

what is the most common autosomal dominant disorder due to a mutation of the NF1 gene that codes for the protein neurofibromin?

Back 44

neurofibromatosis type I - von reckinghausen disease

Front 45

what causes multiple neural tumors (neurofibromas) over the body with proliferation of elements of peripheral nerve including neuritis, fibroblasts and schwann cells of the neural crest origin?

Back 45

neurofibromatosis type I - von recklinghausen disease

Front 46

what causes pigmented lesions and pigmented iris harmatomas?

Back 46

neurofibromatosis type I - von recklinghausen disease

Front 47

what is CHARGE association?

Back 47

Coloboma of the retina, lens or choroid
Heart defects (tetralogy of fallot, VSD, PDA)
Atresia Choanae
Retardation of Growth
Genital abnormalities in males (cryptochidism)
Ear abnormalities or deafness

Front 48

what is an autosomal dominant disorder due to the mutation int he PAX3 gene or MITF gene?

Back 48

waardenburg syndrome

Front 49

what is the lateral displacement of lacrimal puncta, broad nasa root, heterochromia of the iris, congenital deafness, and piebaldism including a white forelock and triangular area of hypopigmentation??

Back 49

waardenburg syndrome

Front 50

what causes posterior skin dimple in the median plane of the sacral region of the back?

Back 50

spinal dermal sinus

Front 51

what does the dimple in spinal dermal sinus indicate?

Back 51

the region of the closure of the caudal neuropore at the end of week 4

Front 52

what is a defect of the vertebral arch that results of failure of the embryonic halves of the arch to grow normally and fuse in the median plane?

Back 52

spina bifida occulta

Front 53

what appears as a small dimple with a tuft of hair in the median plane?

Back 53

spina bifida occulta

Front 54

what is a severe neural tube defect in which the neural tissue and/or meninges protrude through a defect in the vertebral arches to form a cyst-like sac?

Back 54

spina bifida cystica

Front 55

what is a severe neural tube defect where only fluid filled meninges protrude through the defect?

Back 55

spina bifida meningocele

Front 56

what is a severe neural tube defect where neural tissue is included in the sac?

Back 56

spina bifida meningomyeocele

Front 57

what is the most severe type of spina bifida causing paralysis from the level of the defect caudally?

Back 57

spina bifida rachischisis

Front 58

what is failure of closure of the posterior neuropore during week 4 of development?

Back 58

spina bifida rachischisis

Front 59

what results from failure of the posterior neuropore to close during week 4; usually occurring in the lumbosacral region?

Back 59

lower NTD

Front 60

what causes anencephaly?

Back 60

upper NTD

Front 61

what results from the failure of the anterior neuropre to close during week 4 of development?

Back 61

upper NTD

Front 62

what occurs when the bony skull fails to form resulting in a skull defect usually in the occipital region?

Back 62

cranium bifida

Front 63

what results when meninges and part of the brain herniate?

Back 63

cranium meningoencephalocele

Front 64

what results when the protruding brain contains part of the ventricular system?

Back 64

cranium meningohydroencephalocele

Front 65

what is a severe anomaly of the brain that results from failure of the rostral neuropore to close during week 4?

Back 65

anencephaly and meroencephaly

Front 66

what is when the brain is abnormal and calvaria is defective?

Back 66

anencephaly and meroencephaly

Front 67

what causes nervous tissue degeneration, and a rudimentary brainstem and functioning neural tissue in living infants?

Back 67

anencephaly and meroencephaly

Front 68

what causes caudal vermis and tonsils of the cerebellum and medually oblongata herniate through the forament magnum?

Back 68

arnold-chiari malformation

Front 69

what has clinical symptoms of compression of CN IX, CN X and CN XII and include difficulty swallowing, laryngeal stridor, diminished gag reflex, apnea, and vocal cord paralysis?

Back 69

arnold-chiari malformation

Front 70

what demonstrates aqueductal stenosis?

Back 70

arnold-chiari malformation

Front 71

what results from dilations of the ventricles due to an excess of CSF that may results from blockage of CSF circulation or overproduction of CSF due to a choroid plexus papilloma?

Back 71

hydrocephalus

Front 72

what are the two categories of hydrocephalus?

Back 72

communicating (non obstructive) hydrocephalus
noncommunicating (obstructive) hydrocephalus

Front 73

what is a free communication between the ventricles and the subarachnoid space?

Back 73

communicating (non obstructive) hydrocephalus

Front 74

what is congenital aqueductal stenosis?

Back 74

non-communicating (obstructive) hydrocephalus - dandy-walker syndrome

Front 75

what is the presence of a huge, fluid-filled cystic cavity that completely replaces the cerebral hemispheres?

Back 75

hydranencephaly

Front 76

what results from the cystic cavity that forms as a result of occlusion of the internal carotid arteries in utero causing widespread destruction of the cerebral?

Back 76

hydranencephaly