Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
164 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
200 million years ago, a --- boundary formed between North America and Europe; as the plates moved apart, the Atlantic Ocean was formed.
|
divergent boundary
|
|
|
A boulder rolling off a cliff and breaking is what type of weathering?
|
physical
|
|
|
a boundary where two plates move AWAY from each other is a --- boundary
|
divergent
|
|
|
a boundary where two plates move TOWARD each other is a ---- boundary
|
convergent
|
|
|
a crack or a fracture in earth's crust along which movement occurs.
|
fault
|
|
|
A diamond is an example of a [element or a mineral]?
|
mineral
|
|
|
A plate at the earth surface is [colder or warmer] and denser than the mantle below it.
|
colder
|
|
|
a set of 24 satellites in orbit around the earth that send signals to help locate and track various moving objects.
|
Global Positioning System [GPS]
|
|
|
About [3%, 20% or 75%] of earths freshwater is stored below earth’s surface in cracks and pores in groundwater
|
20%
|
|
|
About 200 million years ago, North American and Europe were part of a continent called ---, when the plates moved apart, the Atlantic Ocean formed between the continents.
|
Pangea
|
|
|
About 79% of the earth's freshwater is found in the ___
|
cryosphere
|
|
|
About 90% of the water vapor in earth’s atmosphere enters through ---- from the ocean and other bodies of water
|
evaporation
|
|
|
Abundant water and higher temperatures speed up ---- [physical or chemical] weathering
|
chemical
|
|
|
Air temperature [increase/decreases] with altitude
|
decreases
|
|
|
As a molecule of water [absorbs or releases] energy it begins to vibrate faster.
|
absorbs
|
|
|
As plates move apart, lava will harden and form new ---
|
crust
|
|
|
"As rocks move through the rock cycle, they may become igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks or --- rocks"
|
metamorphic
|
|
|
As water rises through the troposphere and cools, it changes from a --- to a --- through the process of condensation when the tiny drops of water come together, they form larger drops
|
gas to liquid
|
|
|
As water slows the sediment in the water is deposited on the (sides or bottom) of the river
|
Side
|
|
|
As you move away from the earth the temperatures get colder, which two layers of the atmosphere does the temperature get warmer?
|
Stratosphere Thermosphere
|
|
|
Because of the rain-shadow affect, which side of the mountain has a wet climate - the windward side or the leeward side?
|
Windward side is considered the wet side
|
|
|
chemical weathering can make rocks [stronger or weaker]
|
weaker
|
|
|
chemical weathering changes a rock's mineral ---; this makes rocks weaker and helps break down rocks into smaller pieces
|
composition
|
|
|
Chemical weathering happens faster in [warm or cold] temperatures
|
warm
|
|
|
Climate or the average weather in a region over a long period of time [does or does not] affects the process that move earth material
|
does
|
|
|
Clouds and precipitation are more likely when humidity is [high or low]
|
high
|
|
|
Compaction and cementation produce what type of rocks
|
sedimentary
|
|
|
compared to other mountains, volcanoes can form more [quickly or slowly]
|
quickly
|
|
|
convection can occur in the earth's --- which can cause plates to move or drag
|
mantle
|
|
|
Convection currents beneath the ___ causes force to builds up along the faults
|
tectonic plates
|
|
|
Describe how wind can affect grains of sand
|
Wind can pick up sand grains and carry them from one place to another
|
|
|
Describe what happens during a landslide
|
Large amount of rock and soil come crashing down a hill
|
|
|
Earth has --- large tectonic plates plus many smaller plates
|
15
|
|
|
Earth’s largest reservoir is the world ocean which is salty because contains dissolved minerals
|
reservoirs
|
|
|
earthquakes generally occur at ---
|
faults
|
|
|
Erosion by ---- can be the most important process that changes landforms in deserts
|
wind
|
|
|
Erosion requires
|
Energy
|
|
|
Even though plate movement is slow, [dramatic or mild] changes occur over long periods of time.
|
dramatic
|
|
|
even though you can not see the air, you can ____ it
|
feel
|
|
|
explain how weather can cause physical weathering
|
If temperatures get colder, water can freeze. When it freezes it expands and can cause rocks to break or split
|
|
|
Explain what this statement means - water can change its state
|
Water can be found as a solid, liquid or gas
|
|
|
Explain why the oceanic crust is thinner and denser than the continental crust
|
This is because of their composition - continental crust is made of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic crocks - oceanic is made of only igneous rock
|
|
|
Explain why we can find rocks from northern Canada in the US
|
Much of North America was covered in ice and when the glaciers moved and melted the sediment was left in the US
|
|
|
Faults are the largest where one plate [converges or subducts] into the mantle.
|
subducts
|
|
|
Fill in the blank: water also evaporates from rivers, lakes, puddle and even ____
|
soil
|
|
|
Fill in the blank: water moves through the hydrosphere, atmosphere, geosphere and the ____
|
biosphere
|
|
|
Fresh water makes up [97% or 3%] of the earth's water
|
3%
|
|
|
Give an example of a landform that can form as a result of the movement of crust along faults
|
Mountain or valley
|
|
|
Give an example of who a plant or animal can cause a rock to break
|
The roots of a plant can grow into the cracks of rocks and pry the rock apart
|
|
|
glacier means ---
|
ice
|
|
|
"Glaciers, wind and rain, along with the activities of some organisms, break down rocks into ___"
|
sediment
|
|
|
higher magnitude earthquakes occur when movement along faults cover [small or large] distances
|
large
|
|
|
how a mineral reflects light is called its ---
|
Luster
|
|
|
how easily a mineral can be scratched is its ___
|
hardness
|
|
|
How the earths surface changed depends on the --
|
the average weather in a region over a long period of time - CLIMATE
|
|
|
Humans need [salt/fresh] water to survive
|
fresh
|
|
|
If mountains are tall enough or if the slopes are too steep, the force of gravity can cause
|
Landslide
|
|
|
If the atmosphere did not ___ the earth's temperature, life as we know it would not exist on earth
|
regulate
|
|
|
if the temperature is cold, liquid water [expands/contracts] when it freezes
|
expands
|
|
|
In cold climates such as high mountains or near the poles, large masses of ice formed by snow accumulation on land, that move slowly across earth’s surface are called ----
|
glaciers
|
|
|
In North America when the ice sheet melted it left behind
|
sediment
|
|
|
In physical weathering, the composition of the rock [does/does not] change
|
does not
|
|
|
In physical weathering, what is generally the first thing that happens?
|
Smaller pieces of rock break off from larger rock
|
|
|
In which cycle does water move through the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the biosphere and the geosphere
|
water cycle
|
|
|
Is this physical or chemical - forces from plate motion, such as when faults rupture, can cause rock to break
|
physical
|
|
|
Lakes and rivers hold less than 1% of earth’s [fresh or salt] water, but this water is easily accessible and so meets the needs of most living things on the planet.
|
fresh water
|
|
|
Landslides and other types of mass wasting are caused by ---
|
Gravity
|
|
|
Magma is found deep inside the earth but sometimes erupts from volcanoes as ___
|
lava
|
|
|
many people get their water by drilling ___ into the layers of groundwater
|
wells
|
|
|
minerals are identified by their ______ properties: color, streak, hardness, luster and crystal shape
|
physical
|
|
|
Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic solids that have crystal structures and definite chemical compositions
|
minerals
|
|
|
mixture of gases that form a layer around the earth
|
atmosphere
|
|
|
moisture that falls from clouds to the earth's surface
|
precipitation
|
|
|
More lava erupts at [divergent or convergent] plate boundaries
|
divergent
|
|
|
More than 75% of the precipitation that falls, falls into the ocean, the rest falls onto the ___
|
land
|
|
|
Most erosion and ---- of sediment is carried out by flowing water
|
transport
|
|
|
Most erosion and transport of sediment occurs by ---
|
water
|
|
|
"Most interactions between the geosphere, the hydrosphere and the atmosphere occur [on or below] the earth's surface "
|
on
|
|
|
Most of earth fresh water is not liquid but instead frozen as ice in glaciers and in ice caps at the--- Pole and the ---- Pole where it can be stored for thousand s of years.
|
North and South
|
|
|
most volcanoes form at --- plate boundaries
|
convergent
|
|
|
Mountains can affect the amount of precipitation an area received by causing the rain --- effect
|
rain shadow
|
|
|
Mountains wear away for (one, two or many) reasons
|
Many
|
|
|
Much of North America was covered in -- 20,000 years ago
|
ice
|
|
|
name an example of a landform formed by wind
|
sand dunes or ripples
|
|
|
Name the missing layers of the atmosphere - Troposphere, ----, Mesosphere, -----, and Exosphere
|
Stratosphere Thermosphere
|
|
|
naturally occurring inorganic solids that have crystal structures and definite chemical compositions
|
mineral
|
|
|
New technology has determined that North American and [Europe or Asia] are separating from each other at an average of rate of just 2.5 cm/y
|
europe
|
|
|
Ocean currents transport thermal __ in water from place to place
|
energy
|
|
|
Oceans completely cover some plates, but others are made of oceanic crust and ----- crust
|
continental
|
|
|
Oceans, rivers, lakes, puddles and soil account for ___% of the water that enters the atmosphere
|
90
|
|
|
of the water in the atmosphere, 90% comes from oceans, rivers, lakes, puddles and the soil, the remaining 10% comes from ____
|
transpiration
|
|
|
On tall mountains or steep slopes, the force of gravity can create a type of --- wasting called a landslide
|
mass wasting
|
|
|
Other mineral react with carbon dioxide or oxygen in the --- to form new minerals
|
atomosphere
|
|
|
Over time the movement of glaciers can form deep --
|
Valleys
|
|
|
"Part of the rock cycle takes place on the earth's ___ and others take place deep within the geosphere"
|
surface
|
|
|
parts of the mantle have temperatures that are so [high/low] that the rocks flow like partially melted plastic
|
high
|
|
|
Physical or Chemical - a boulder rolls off a cliff and breaks apart
|
physical
|
|
|
Physical or Chemical - calcite in limestone dissolves into slightly acidic rainwater
|
chemical
|
|
|
Physical or Chemical - carbon dioxide reacts with feldspar to form iron oxygen
|
chemical
|
|
|
Physical or Chemical - iron in rocks reacts with oxygen to form iron oxide - rust
|
chemical
|
|
|
Physical or Chemical - the roots of plants grow into the cracks in rocks
|
physical
|
|
|
Physical or Chemical - water seeps into cracks in rocks and freezes and thaws
|
physical
|
|
|
Physical weathering also can occur because of changes in ---
|
weather
|
|
|
Plate tectonics explains many of [ocean's or earth’s] surface features and the processes that occur on it
|
earth's
|
|
|
Processes that wear away and break down mountains are often so [slow or fast] that this is difficult to see changes in the mountains during a human’s lifetime
|
slow
|
|
|
Rain and snow supply water to the surface reservoirs - lakes and ___
|
rivers
|
|
|
rocks that form when extreme temperatures and pressure within the earth change; these rocks do not melt - instead their compositions or their structures change.
|
metamorphic
|
|
|
scientists call the molten rock stored beneath the earth's surface --
|
magma
|
|
|
Scientists can measure the ---- and direction of plate movement by tracking tectonic plate positions over several years
|
speed
|
|
|
scientists classify rocks according to how they are ----
|
formed
|
|
|
Scientists describe the movement of a tectonic plate by its relative motion; what does this mean?
|
Relative motion means how much a plate moves in relation to another plate
|
|
|
Scientists describe the movement of tectonic plates as relative motion – how it moves in relation to another plate
|
relative
|
|
|
Scientists divide the earth into -- systems that interact with each other
|
4 systems
|
|
|
Scientists measure earthquakes in terms of --- which can range from 1 to 9.9
|
magnitude
|
|
|
"Scientists use air temperature, air pressure, wind speed and direction, and humidity to describe the ___"
|
weather
|
|
|
sediment can be rock fragments, sand, --- or clay
|
silt
|
|
|
Sediment produced by weathering can be rock fragments, sand, silt or ---
|
clay
|
|
|
series of actions or operations that lead to an end result
|
process
|
|
|
Slowly flowing water had (more or less) energy and can carry (more or less) sediment
|
Less and less
|
|
|
Small earthquakes occur [more or less] frequently than large ones
|
more
|
|
|
some minerals can react with water, --- or substances in either like carbon dioxide
|
air
|
|
|
Some minerals such as calcite can dissolve in slightly --- water, such as rainwater
|
acidic
|
|
|
system contains all earth's water
|
hydrosphere
|
|
|
Tall mountains form as a result of movement along --- near plate boundaries
|
faults
|
|
|
tectonic plates [do/do not] continually slide past each other along faults.
|
do not
|
|
|
tectonic plates are rigid pieces of the ---
|
lithosphere
|
|
|
tectonic plates move ---- over the earth's surface
|
horizontally
|
|
|
Tectonic plates move so ___ that before the mid 20th century, geologists could not measure their movement
|
slowly
|
|
|
Term used by geologists to describe the moving of weather and material or sediment, from one location to another
|
Erosion
|
|
|
The --- can bend more easily than the lithosphere because it is hotter than the lithosphere
|
asthenosphere
|
|
|
The --- needed to move rocks and soil can come from gravity flowing water, wind and moving ice
|
energy
|
|
|
The amount of matter per unit of volume is called
|
density
|
|
|
the amount of water vapor in a given volume of air
|
humidity
|
|
|
The atmosphere contains a mixture of nitrogen, ____ and smaller amounts of other gases
|
oxygen
|
|
|
The atmosphere contains small amounts of solids, such as dust particles
|
dust particles
|
|
|
The atmosphere has different layers which vary in their -----
|
temperature
|
|
|
The atmosphere is [continually or never] changing
|
continually
|
|
|
The atmosphere is made up of 78% of ---, 21% oxygen and 1% --- gases
|
nitorgen, oxygen and trace gases
|
|
|
The atmosphere keeps the earth [warm/cold] by trapping thermal energy from the Sun that bounces back from the Earth's surface
|
warm
|
|
|
The average amount of energy produced by the motion of air molecules is air temperature
|
temperature
|
|
|
the average weather pattern for a region over a long period of time
|
climate
|
|
|
The biosphere has distinct boundaries
|
FALSE - does not have distinct boundaries
|
|
|
the boundary between the North American Plate and the Eurasian Plate is a _____ boundary
|
divergent boundary
|
|
|
The boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate in California is an example of what type of boundary?
|
transform boundary
|
|
|
the center of the earth is the ___
|
core
|
|
|
The change of state requires either an input or an output of ___
|
thermal energy
|
|
|
The circulation within fluids caused by differenced in density and thermal energy is called
|
convection
|
|
|
The climate near the top of a mountain is often [cooler/warmer] than the climate near the mountain's base
|
cooler
|
|
|
the color of a mineral's powder
|
streak
|
|
|
The composition of the atmosphere changes every day
|
False - does not change very much
|
|
|
The continuous movement of water on, above and below the earth's surface.
|
water cycle
|
|
|
The continuous movement of water on, above, and below earth’s surface is called the --- cycle.
|
water
|
|
|
the core is mostly made of ___ and small amounts of nickel
|
metal iron
|
|
|
the core of the earth is divided into 2 parts called --- and ---
|
inner and outer core
|
|
|
the crust and the uppermost part of the mantel make up the ___
|
Lithosphere
|
|
|
the crust is found [under or above] the soil on continents and the ocean
|
under
|
|
|
The down hill movement of a large mass of rocks or soil due to gravity
|
Mass wasting
|
|
|
The downhill movement of a large mass of rocks or soil due to ---- is called mass wasting
|
gravity
|
|
|
The earth has three layers – the --- is the thin outer layer, the --- is the middle and largest layer, the --- of the earth is at the center and is made mainly of metal
|
crust, mantle and center
|
|
|
The earth's internal structure is often compared to a ____
|
hard boiled egg
|
|
|
the earth's system that contains all living things
|
biosphere
|
|
|
The energy to move water an allow it to change state from a --- to a gas or a solid ultimately comes from the ---
|
liquid sun
|
|
|
the force exerted by air molecules in all directions
|
air pressure
|
|
|
The force exerted by air molecules in all directions is called air pressure.
|
pressure
|
