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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When did the Peace of Augsburg happen?
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1555
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Describe the conflict that was the immediate cause of the Peace of Augsburg?
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In the Schmalkaldic Wars, Protestants formed League of Schmalkald to defend themselves against Charles V.
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What did the Peace of Augsburg say?
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Cuis regio, eius religio = “whose region, their religion” The ruler of a territory could choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism for his people.
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What was Mathias’s title?
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Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor;
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What was most important about Mathias and why?
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He had no children, and therefore left the throne open to Ferdinand II
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What were Ferdinand II’s motives? How did he try to accomplish his goals?
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He wanted power power by consolidation strong states around him.
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What was Ferdinand II’s religion? Why was religion important?
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He was strictly Catholic. Religious unity gave him more political power and authority.
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What was Frederick V’s religion?
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Calvinism
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Where was Frederick V’s from? What was interesting about this place in respect to Frederick’s religion?
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Palatine, which was a refuge for Calvinists.
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What were Frederick V’s motives for getting involved in the Thirty Years’ War?
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He would be able to take the Bohemian throne.
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How did Frederick V become involved in the Thirty Years’ War?
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The electors of Bohemia elected him as their leader after the Defenestration of Prague.
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What happened after in the Thirty Years’ War?
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He was defeated in the White Mountains by forces of Tilly, the Empire, and Maximilian of Bavaria.
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Who was involved in the Defenestration of Prague and how?
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The Estates of Bohemia threw several imperial officials out of a widow
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Why did the Defenestration of Prague happen?
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‘because possiblity to nobles clipped in Bohemia’ Bohemian Protestants were not happy with the measures Ferdinand was taking for Catholic-Reformation: institued a Catholic council of regency, censored works, only allowed Catholics to hold offices, and did not allow Protestant worship in towns or church lands
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What was the result of the Defenestration of Prague?
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The Estates set up a rival government.
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Who was involved in the Battle of the White Mountain, how and why?
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Some of Ferdinand’s Imperial troops, Maximilian I of Barvria who was hoping for rewards in land and power, and Tilly of Spain who wanted land inland to serve as a way further into the Holy Roman Empire.
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What was the outcome of the Battle of the White Mountain?
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Frederick was crushed and fled to the Dutch. Tilly takes the Palatinate. Ferdinand confiscates the Palatinate and intsalls Maximilan I as elector of the Upper Palatinate because most of Ferdinand success was won by Max’s troops. Tilly eventually gets the Rhine Palatinate.
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What was the result of Ferdinand’s actions at the end of the Bohemian Phase?
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The Hague Alliance.
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What were the events leading up to the Edict of Restitution?
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The Dutch, exiled Frederick, Frances, England, Savoy, Sweden and Demark created the Hague Alliance.
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What was the basis of the Hague Alliance?
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Ferdinand had given the Palatinate to someone not of the Palatine house. This was seen as potentially just the first step towards the undermining of The Golden Bull, the only thing between them and arbitry rule.
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What did the Hague Alliance do?
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It supported Christian of Denmarks ventures against the HRE.
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What did Christian do and why?
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Christian wants to expand his territory and influence. He has the resources to take the risks and in 1625 leads an army into Germany but is repelled. Christians allies withdraw, but he returns to loose again to Wallensteins forces in 1626.
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What was the purpose of the Edict of Restitution?
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It is an enforcement of the Peace of Augsburg. Ferdinands chance to re-Catholicize and increase uniformity and power. It turned secularized land back to the Catholic Church.
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What was it about Wallenstein is particularly note-worthy?
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He was a mercenary. Known as the “paid arm of Ferdinand.” His only motivation was money. He was not personally invested in anything he was doing.
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What does Gustavus Adolphus want?
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He wants the territory around the Baltic, and also preserve the security of the Baltic from Habsburg aggression. He was afraid that if the German Protestants were gone the Empie would look towars the Baltic and maybe invade Sweden.
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Where does Gustavus Adolphus get his support and why?
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Catholic France under Richelieu who want a balance of power and pays the Swedes to fight, the Dutch, and German Protestants who don’t care about Sweden but want their own rights. John George of Saxony sided with Gustavus only because he offered better terms.
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What happens at the end of the Swedish-French Phase of the Thirty Years’ War?
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Fighting leaves both sides disorganized as they enter negotiations. Germany is economic ruin and is sick of foreigners running all over their land; there is a general desire for peace. German Protestants and Catholics are reconciled against Swedish troops in the Peace of Prague which annuls most of the Edict of Restitution.
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Who is doing what and why during the French Phase after the Peace of Prague?
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France (wants to to defeat their rival of over a century) and Spain are struggling for power in the Low Countries, Italy and Spain, the Swedes (Oxenstierna was to make Protestants happy and set up a system of checks and balances so that there is no dominat power) are fighting successfully in Germany, Louis II de Conde, Torestensson and Turenne are taking apart the empire. Sweden is unable to remain successful while maintaining independence and gives their loyalty to France. Together they have the force to overcome Ferdinand II and Bavaria.
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What happened at Lutzen?
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Wallenstein has taken over because Tilly had died but loses. Gustavus is killed in battle, but Axel Oxenstierna takes over a leads the army to victory.
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Peace of Westphalia: Who, where and when?
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194 rulers from states around Europe; Congress of Westphalia; 1643-1648
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What was the outcome of the Peace of Westphalia?
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States represent themselves independantly. They reorganized the idea of state soverignty meaning esentially “your territory = your business”
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What was the impact of the Peace of Westphalia?
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Calvinists gained rights, United Netherlands and Switzerland gained independances, Frech political power grows, Habsburgs declined and Ferdinand lost power, many were dead (some 60%), economy was stunted.
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