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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Protestantism.
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The Christian system of belief that developed from protest against the corruption of the Church and doctrinal differences.
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What were the biggest sources of corruption in the Church?
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–Pluralism
–Nepotism –Annates –Simony |
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What is nepotism?
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giving church positions to children or close relatives
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What are annates?
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taxes on new clergy
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What is simony?
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to buy or sell church offices
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What is celibacy?
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Clergy are not allowed to marry
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What are indulgences?
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selling of absolution: papers that would save a person from certain temporal punishments of purgatory
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Who is the person most associated with starting Protestantism?
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Martin Luther
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How did Martin Luther begin life?
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-He was a German Augustine monk educated in the New Devotion
-was sympathetic to Christian Humanism -questioned papacy when he saw it in Rome -had no intention of overthrowing the papacy -builds on Mysticism |
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What were Martin Luther’s most famous writings?
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His Ninety-Five Theses
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When were the Ninety-Five Theses written?
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1517
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What were Martin Luther’s major beliefs as stated in the Ninety-Five Theses?
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1) salvation by faith not deeds
2) word of Bible have truth not words of Pope 3) clergy no more powerful than laity |
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What were Martin Luther’s beliefs on papal power?
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-By taking so much control the Church has destroyed itself in its attempt to save itself
-kings have power from God over everyone |
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Why does Martin Luther suggest temporal power?
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-he is close to them
-they form a potential base of support |
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What is one result of Martin Luther encouraging temporal power?
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he reinforced state power and authority
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What does Martin Luther believe about justification by faith?
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-one needs only faith to be saved
-no person is righteous therefore they need Christ -faith is in inner man -works should not be neglected or believed in |
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What is justification?
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means by which to get grace of God to forgive sins
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What were Martin Luther’s view on the interpretation of the bible and the nature of clergy?
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-keys of Peter given to all people not just pope
-all Christians are priests -what pope does doesn’t make him more Christian -leader should be chosen by people |
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What other things did Martin Luther do that effected things he didn’t really mean to?
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His translation of the Bible into German sets standard for language: plays on German nationalism
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What were some of the motives of the peasants in the peasants’ revolt?
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social leveling
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What were the Anabaptist’s most basic beliefs?
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-a person must be re-baptized to be saved
-Bible should be read literally -private property is a hindrance -a coming of an earthly kingdom -equalizing people -no tolerance (instant executions of disagreers) –polygamy |
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What makes the Anabaptists more dangerous to other people?
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Princes hunted down and killed Anabaptists when they could but usually got the pacifists leaving militants.
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What makes Anabaptism appealing?
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a weak social structure: corruption, lack of control, Black Death, crops failing, rye price x3 make peasants and middle class unhappy
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Where did a lot Anabaptist come from?
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the Duchy of Cleaves expeled them
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What was Matthys role in Anabaptism?
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sent “aspostles” to encourage rebellion against princes b/c of a Coming.
In February 1534 he takes Munster where he outlaws Catholicism and Lutheranism, prepares an army, and made all land a property strictly communal |
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What is the response to Matthys in Munster?
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-conservatives flee
-the bishop-prince lays siege on the town; |
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Who is Jan Bockelson of Leyden?
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a immigrant from the Netherlands; takes over for Matthys after he is killed in an essentially suicidal mission against the bishop-prince with twelve men; makes himself king
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What does Jan of Leyden do about the siege?
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Tells the people that God will save them; lives richly while everyone else is starving (they can even ration their own food); finally allows people to leave but they will get caught by army outside
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How do the “Holy Terrors of Munster” finally end?
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an expellee gives away the secret, the bishop-prince attacks and kills most everyone; Jan of Leyen is tortured and the his bones hung in a cage from the church
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What is the Imperial Diet at Worms?
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all of the states alley against Munster
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What is left of Anabaptism?
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peaceful Mennonites and Amish
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Why did the reformation spread e.i. what was appealing about it?
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-The princes escaped from taxes, got more independence from the HRE
-The bourgeoisie were independent self-made people who wanted to decide or interpret alone -poor are hoping for social change |
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Why didn’t Charles V stop the reformation?
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-distractions: turks into Vienna
-bigness of empire NlL -political issues is Spain -French Valois encouraging Turks -minorly Henry VIII -fights in Italy w/ pope 1527 Sack of Rome -princes of HRE |
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Who was involved in the Schmalkaldic War and why?
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Protestants were defending themselves against the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
led to the Peace of Augsburg |
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When was the Peace of Augsburg?
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1555
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What was the agreement of the Peace of Augsburg?
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“cuis region, eius religio” leaders could choose their state to be Catholic or Lutheran
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Who was left out of “Cuius regio eius religio”?
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Calvinists
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What belief made predestination work?
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People called the “Elect” went to heaven. The Elect were recognizable based on morality, sobriety, worldly success
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Who started the idea of predestination?
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John Calvin
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Where did Calvinism start?
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Geneva
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What was the set up of the Calvinist government?
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-theocratic state: dictator
-consistory with five pastors and twelve lay elder -Calvin is ruthless in defending the “sure truth” (no Eucharist = crime) -very specific rules about everything from clothing to food -predestination |
