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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What does similarity helps us do? |
- Form categories - Make generalisations |
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What is 'The snowflake problem'? |
Nothing is the same as anything else. |
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Similar _______ will have similar ________. |
causes, effects. Allows us to extend beliefs to new thing because of similarity. |
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How is similarity measured? |
- Confusability - Reaction time - Forced choice - Likert scales etc. |
CRFL RCFL |
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What are geometric models of similarity? |
We have a 'psychological space' with similar objects placed nearby. |
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What is the 'universal' law of generalisation (Roger Shepard)? |
The probability of gerneralising from one stimulus to another decreases exponentially as a function of dissimilarity (i.e. distance) |
Exponential graph |
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What are some problems with the geometric approach? |
- symmetry constraint: similarity of one thing to another may not be symmetric. It is based on knowledge that we have. |
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What is the featural model of similarity? |
Similarity is based on our knowledge of common and distinctive features (Tversky, 1977). - features common to both increases similarity |
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What does structure alignment look at? |
The structural features similar across both items and how they relate. |
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What is 'match in place' (MIP)? |
When two objects share a feature and that feature appears in the same slot. |
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What is 'match out of place' (MOP)? |
When the two shared feature appears in a different location. |
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Does adding a MOP increase similarity? (Goldstone experiment) |
Yes, but adding MIPs have a bigger effect than MOPs. |
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Who came up with the idea of stimulus transformations? |
Hahn, Chater & Richardson (2003) |
HCR |
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How does stimulus transformations account for asymmetric similarity? |
The number of steps to go back the other way from the original stimuli is less than the number of steps taken to transform the first stimuli to the second. - structure differences |
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What were the findings of Hodgetts and Hahn's speeded 'same vs different' judgement task? |
- Short transformation (copy and pasting square) is more similar and more confusable, slower RT - Long transformation (manipulating square to triangle) is less similar, less confusable, faster RT |
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