Signal Transduction 1

Front 1

The three stages of cell signaling

Back 1

reception

transduction

response

Front 2

Reception

Back 2

target cell's detection of a signaling molecule, from outside the cell, binding to an extracellular or intracellular receptor protein

Front 3

General term for molecule that binds the receptor

Back 3

ligand

Front 4

transduction

Back 4

step(s) that convert signal to form that can bring about cellular response

Front 5

response

Back 5

cellular activity triggered by transduction of a signal

Front 6

signal transduction pathway

Back 6

sequence of changes in a series of different molecules that transmits the signal from the receptor protein to a point or event that triggers the cellular response

Front 7

Most signal receptor proteins are found in the

Back 7

plasma membrane

Front 8

Characteristics of ligands that bind cell-surface receptor proteins

Back 8

water-soluble, hydrophilic, too large to pass through plasma membrane

Front 9

True or False: all ligands must enter the target cell to trigger a response

Back 9

False: most ligands bind to cell-surface receptors and do not enter the cell themselves. Only hydrophobic ligands can enter the cell.

Front 10

True or False: steroid hormones bind to an intracellular receptor protein

Back 10

True: steroid molecules are hydrophobic lipids that pass through the cell membrane and bind to their receptor protein in the cytoplasm, or in some cases, in the nucleus

Front 11

Transmembrane protein

Back 11

protein molecule with multiple domains that pass through the cell membrane, with extracellular and intracellular domains as well. A G protein coupled receptor would be an example.

Front 12

Three types of cell-surface receptors

Back 12

i. G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)

ii. Receptor-tyrosine kinase

iii. Ligand-gated ion channel

Front 13

Phosphorylation cascade

Back 13

transduction mechanism that involves series of protein kinases, each of which adds a phosphate group (phosphorylates) to the next kinase in the series, activating it

Front 14

kinase

Back 14

enzyme that phosphorylates its substrate

Front 15

phosphatase

Back 15

enzyme that removes a phosphate from its substrate

Front 16

phosphorylation

Back 16

addition of a phosphate to a substrate by a kinase enzyme

Front 17

dephosphorylation

Back 17

removal of a phosphate from a substrate by a phosphatase enzyme

Front 18

What type of receptor activity is shown?

Back 18

G protein coupled receptor (GPCR)

Front 19

The image shows a ____________________ cascade

Back 19

phosphorylation

Front 20

in the image shown, cAMP acts as a _____________________ _____________________

Back 20

second messenger

Front 21

The hormone shown in the figure must be a _________________ hormone

Back 21

steroid

Front 22

In the picture shown, the hormone/receptor complex exerts its effect by acting as a __________________ ___________________ to activate gene expression

Back 22

transcription factor

Front 23

In the picture shown, the target of the phosphorylation cascade is a protein that enters the nucleus and acts as a _________________ _________________

Back 23

transcription factor

Front 24

The picture shows that Ras functions as a "____" protein in signal transduction

Back 24

"G" protein

Front 25

In the picture shown, IP3 and Ca2+ act as __________________ ___________________ in the signal transduction pathway

Back 25

second messengers

Front 26

Many G protein-coupled receptors are referred to as "Beta receptors" and have roles in human diseases like hypertension and cardiovascular disease.

If a patient was prescribed a "Beta blocker" medication that binds to a specific G protein coupled "Beta" receptor, what would be the effect on the specific signaling pathway?

Back 26

the Beta blocker would reduce or eliminate signaling for the particular G protein-coupled receptor pathway