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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what do AUDIOLOGISTS do?
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identify assess manage and prevent disorders of HEARING and BALANCE
-rehab, hearing aids, cochlear implant |
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what are the BEHAVIORAL tests of hearing?
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PURE TONE THRESHOLD
SPEECH THRESHOLD WORD RECOGNITION HEARING IN NOISE |
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what are the OBJECTIVE tests of hearing?
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AUDITORY BRAINSTEM RESPONSE ABR
TYMPANOGRAM ACOUSTIC REFLEXES |
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How many hearing aides are PURCHASED per year in the US?
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~ 1 million
not all 12 mill wear them consistently |
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What is the diff btwn INCIDENCE and PREVALENCE?
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INCID= frequency of something occcuring
PREVALENCE = % of population affected |
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How much hearing loss may be influenced by GENETICS?
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60%
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what is PRESBYCUSIS vs OTTIS MEDIA?
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Pre- decreased hearing with AGE
ottis media- temporary hearing loss.. esp children |
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What is A SOUNDWAVE?
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*vibration caused by a source
* travels in waves thru a MEDIUM * repeats in cycles |
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what is Compression?
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molecules get pushed together
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What is refraction?
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molecules get pushed apart
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What does FREQUENCY mean?
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freq = cycles/sec
1 cycle = 1 period FREQ = 1/ Period (hertz) |
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What HERTZ can humans hear normally?
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20-20,000 Hz
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What does INTENSITY of sound mean?
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Amplitude or strength of sound vibration- DECIBELS
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Does 0 indicate NO sound??
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NO. Its measured from a reference level
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What are PSYCHOPHYSICS?
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measure of perceptual ability
psychological rxn to physical property |
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What is PITCH?
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frequency
LOW pitch = LOW FREQ = BASE HIGH PITCH = HIGH F = treble |
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What is LOUDNESS?
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psychophysical correlate of INTENSITY
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What does the OUTER EAR do t o sound waves?
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Catches and FUNNELS soundwaves to the mid ear
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What does the MIDDLE EAR do to sound waves?
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Changes the soundwaves into MECHANICAL energy
Mid - Mechanic |
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Where is the old French quarter or the old square? (in the US)
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New Orleans
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How do INSECTS hear things?
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tympanal organs have membranes and CHORDOTONAL SENSORY ORGANS that vibrate
** Also detects body stretch and altitude |
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How do INSECTS ears work?
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sound vibrations strike the tympanum and excite cells in the chordotonal organ
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What is the function of the PINNA?
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--Gather Sound
-- aid in Localization |
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What is the function of the EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL?
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-- protect eardrum
--Cerumen |
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what is CERUMEN?
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Earwax
produced by ceruminous and sebaceous glands in skin over cartilage |
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What is the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE?
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Ear Drum
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What is the function of the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE?
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--protection
-- E transfer from MID ear to INNER -- seperates outer and middle ear |
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What does the MIDDLE EAR contain?
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-- one end of eustachain tube
-- 3 small bones malleus incus stapes -- 2 muscles |
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What does the EUSTACHIAN TUBE do?
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connects mid ear cavity to Nasopharynx
--PRESSURE EQUALIZATION |
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What does the INNER EAR do?
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Hearing & Balance
Vestibular & Auditory |
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What does the VESTIBULAR SYSTEM do?
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BALANCE
utricle and saccule-- LINEAR ACCEL 3 semi circular canals!! -- ANGULAR ACCEL |
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What does the AUDITORY SYSTEM do?
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Hearing
cochlea!! |
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What is the FUNCTION of the COCHLEA?
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Main organ of HEARING
contains HAIR cells |
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How is the COCHLEA coded?
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TONOTOPIC
LOW at APEX HIGH at BASE |
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What are the 2 mucles called that are connected to the ossicles?
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Stapedius
Tensor Tympani |
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What are the 2 fluid filled labyrinths inside the inner era called?
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Perilymph-- outside
Endolymph-- inside PERI-- Vestibuli & Tympani |
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What do the hair cells on the semicirc canals detect?
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MOTION
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What do the hair cells on the cochlea detect?
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HEARING
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What is the ORDER of the structures in the Cochlea?
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SCALA VESTUBULI
SCALA MEDIA SCALA TYMPANI ORGAN OF CORTI NERVE FIBERS |
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What kinds of cells are INSIDE the SCALA media? & what FLUID?
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3 rows of outer hair cells
1 row of inner hair cells -- ENDOLYMPH FLUID |
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What are the cells called that are INSIDE the Tectorial membrane?
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Stereocilia of hair cells
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What does ONTOGENETIC DEVP mean?
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when were embryo, our oganization becomes more and more complex
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What are the 3 germ layers of tissues called?
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Endoderm, Ectoderm, Mesoderm
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What Arises from the ECTODERM?
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skin, epithelial of ears, eyes, nose, teeth enamel, pituitary gland, CNS, PNS- primitive nervous sysyem
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What arises from the MESODERM?
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cartilage, bone, connect tissues, muscle,, heart kidneys
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What arises from the ENDODERM?
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Epith lining of digestive and repiratory, eustachian tube, tympanic cavity, LIVER PANCREAS
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How does the Ears Eyes Faces devp?
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devp btwn 4th and 8th week of embryonic
from BRANCHIAL ARCHES |
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What do Exicatory NT do vs INHIB?
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Excitatory - POS ions move IN
Inhib - NEG move in |
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What are the COMMON neurotransmitters?
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GABA- INHIN
Glutamate - EXCITA |
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What does EACH auditory nerve fibers have that causes it to fire spontaneous?
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Frequency and Intensity
HIGHER spike rate = HIGHER intensity |
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what does the auditory nerve fiber encode?
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The PERIOD of the waveform
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What is in the GREY matter?
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neuron cell bodies & dendrites
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What is the WHITE matter?
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myelin covered axons
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Where do the AFFERENT fiber tracts go?
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AFFERENT = TOWARD THE BRAIN
signals traveling from the audit nerve to brainstem |
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Where do the EFFERENT fiber tracts go?
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GOES AWAY from the brain
signals from the corext and brain stem traveling to hair cells |
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What does the CSLIM stand for?
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Brainstem Auditory Nuclei
cochler nucleas sup olivary complex lateral lemniscus infer colloculus medal geniculate |
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What is WERNICKES area?
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UNDERSTANDING speech
(right side) |
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what is BROCAs arra?
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ACTUALLY speaking
(left side) |
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What does the CANS do?
central audit nerv sysyem |
process timing freq intensity of info
combines info perception- emotion hearing |
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What is a case history? child vs adult?
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questions the audiologist asks the client or parent at the beinging
-adult- complaining, med info -child- rx, ear infect, med info |
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What does it mean to be HARD OF HEARING? hearing impairemtn
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hearing is LESS SENSITIVE & or SPEECH is more DIFFICULT to UNDERSTAND
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What is PURE TONE AUDIOMETRY?
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USES AUDIOMETER
purpose- determine the softest sound the person can hear, raise hand when hear tone |
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What is CONGENITAL hearing loss?
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impairement present at BIRTH
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What is ACQUIRED hearing loss?
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onset after birth
- SUDDEN = rapid decrease - PROGRESSIVE = gradual decrease over years |
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What does the TYPE of hearing loss mean?
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diff problems (lesions, pathology) can occur in diff PARTS of auditory pathways
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What does the DEGREE of hearing loss mean?
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these problems can use DIFF AMOUNTS of hearing loss
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What does CONDUCTIVE mean?
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pathology in outer / midder ear
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what does SENSORINEURAL mean?
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pathology in INNER ear or AUDIT nerve
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what does MIXED hearing loss mean?
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pathology in out/mid AND inner ear or aud nerve
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How can you find the degree of hearing loss?
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Testing Thresholds =
softest level that cab be heard 50% of the time |
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What is the normal hearing threshold for ADULTS and CHILDREN?
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adults-- better then 25 dB
kids- better than 20 dB |
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what is the RANGE for POOR hearing?
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25 - 120 dB
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waht is a pure tone audiogram?
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a graph of hearing thresholds (intensity dB ) by frequency (hz)
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what are the 2 ways that sound can be first transmitted to the pathway to the inner ear?
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AIR & BONE conduction
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What is SPEECH AUDIOMETRY?
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used to asses the persons ability to understand speech
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what are some SPEECH tests?
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SRT, CCT, CID,, W22 NU6 PBK WIPI
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What is ACOUSTIC IMMITANCE?
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sound hits the ear drum but some is reflected back.
tells how MID ear is functioning HIGH IMPEDANCE = low ADMITTANCE |
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How do you do the Acoustic Immitance testing?
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rubber tip places in ear canal
air pumped in/out high pressure = stiff TM = more reflected sound |
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what is TYMPANOMETRY?
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changes in the air pressure in the ear canal
info about mid ear function -- graph |
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what are ACOUSTIC REFLEXES?
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lowest intensity needed to elicit mid ear muscle contraction (stapedius)
normal 65-95 |
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what are EVOKED POTENTIALS?
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electrophysiologic responses recorded from brain structures- from audit nerve to cortex
info about functioning |
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What are ABR?
audit brain responses |
comes from electrical brain responses
- electrodes record the activity |
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what do the 5 waves on the ABR mean?
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1- cochlear part of aud nerve
2- brainstem segment 3- SOC and cochlear nucleas 4- asc lateral lemniscus 5- inferior colliculus |
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how do u use ABR?
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estimate hearing sensitiviting, NEWBORN SCREENING
trauma, tumor1 |
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what are OTOACOUSTIC EMISSIONS?
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generated by OHCs
* MUST HAVE HEALTHy ORGAN OF CORTI provide OHC function |
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why would we use these physiologic tests?
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difficuklt to test
kids, infants malingering (lying) noise, emplyers pathology |
