Shrm-Org

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Alternative dispute

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Umbrella term used to describe a number of problem-solving and grievance resolution approaches.

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Analytics

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Tools that convert metrics to be used for decision support by adding context or further subclassifying comparison groups.

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Arbitration

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Procedure in which disputes are submitted to one or more impartial persons for final determination.

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At-will employment

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Common-low principle stating that employers have the right to hire, fire, demote, and promote whomever they choose for any reason unless there is a law or contract to the contrary and employees have the right to quit a job at any time.

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Balanced scorecard

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Measurement approach that provides an overall picture of an organization's performance as measured against goals in finance, customers, internal business processes, and learning and growth.

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Bias

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Occurs when an appraiser's values beliefs, or prejudices distort performance ratings.

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Big Data

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High-volume, high velocity, and high variety information assets that require innovative forms of information processing for enhanced insight and decision making.

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Blogs

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Broadcast-style communications that enable authors to publish articles, opinions, products or service reviews, etc., on a web page.

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Business Case

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Presentation to management that establishes that a specific problem exists and argues that the proposed solution is the best way to solve the problem in terms of time, cost efficiency, and probability of success.

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Cause-and-effect diagram

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Diagram that maps out a list of factors that are thought to affect a problem or a desired outcome.

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Center of Excellence (COE)

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HR structural alternative established as an independent department that provides services within a focused area to internal clients.

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Central tendecy error

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Error that occurs when an appraiser rates all employees within a narrow range, regardless of differences in actual performance.

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Chain of command

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Line of authority within an organization.

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Check sheets

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Simple visual tools used to collect and analyze data.

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Cloud computing

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Style of computing in which scalable IT-enabled capabilities are delivered as a service using internet technologies.

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Codetermination

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Form of corporate governance that requires a typical management board and a supervisory board and that allows management and employees to participate in strategic decision making.

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Collective bargaining

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Process by which management and union representatives negotiate the employment conditions for a particular bargaining until for a designated period of time.

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Collective bargaining agreement

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Agreement or contract negotiated through collective bargaining process.

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Contrast error

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Error that occurs when an employee's rating is based on how his or her performance compares to that of another employee rather than objective standards.

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Control chart

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Chart that illustrates variations from normal in a situation over time.

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Cosourcing

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Arrangements in which an enterprise and a vendor share different tasks within a larger complex, often strategic responsibility.

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Cost-benefit analysis

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Ratio of value created to cost of creating that value; allows management to determine the financial impact particular activities and programs have on an organization's profitability.

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Dashboards

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Reporting mechanisms that aggregate and display metrics and key performance indicators (KPIs)

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Database

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Data structure that stores organized information (numeric information as well as sound clips, pictures, and videos)

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Database management system (DBMS)

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Variety of software applications that electronically manage stored data.

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Dedicated HR

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HR structural alternative that allows businesses with different strategies in multiple units to apply HR expertise to each unit's specific strategic needs.

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Delphi Technique

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Forecasting technique that progressively collects information from a group without physically assebling the contributors.

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Departmentalization

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Way an organization groups jobs to coordinate work.

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Divestiture

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Sale by a company of an assess that is not performing well, that is not core to the company's business, or that is worth more as a seperate entity.

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Due diligence

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Necessary level of care and attention that is taken to investigate an action before it is taken.

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Encryption

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Conversion of data into a format that protects or hides its natural presentation or intended meaning.

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Enterprise resource planning (ERP)

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Business management software, usually a suite of integrated applications, that a company can use to collect, store, manage and interprete data from many business activities.

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Environmental scanning

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Process that involves a systematic survey and interpretation of relevant data to identify external opportunities and threats and to assess how these factors affect the organization currently and how they are likely to affect the organization in the future.

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e-procurement

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Use of electronic communications and transaction processing when buying (or contracting for/tendering) supplies and services.

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Force-field analysis

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Type of analysis in which factors that can influence an outcome in either a negative or positive manner are listed and then assigned weights to indicate their relative strengths.

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Formalization

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Refers to the extent to which rules, policies, and procedures govern the behavior of employees in an organization.

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Front-back structure

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Organizational structure that divides an organization into 'front' functions, which focus on customers or market groups, and 'back' functions, which design and develop products and services.

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Functional HR

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HR structural alternative in which headquarters HR specialists craft policies and HR generalists located within division or other locales implement the policies, adapt them as needed, and interact with employees.

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Functional structure

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Organizational structure in which departments are defined by the services they contribute to the organization's overall mission, such as marketing and sales, operations, and HR.

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Gamification

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Selective use of game design and game mechanics to drive employee engagement in non-gaming business scenarios.

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Geographic structure

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Organizational structure in which geographic regions define the organizational chart.

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Globalization

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Growing interconnectedness and interdependency of countries, people and companies.

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Grievance procedure

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Provides an orderly way to resolve differences of opinion in regard to a union contract.

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Groupware

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Umbrella term for specialized collaborative software applications.

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Hacking

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Act of deliberately accessing another computer without permission.

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Histogram

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Graphic representation of the distribution of a single type of measurement;data is represented by a series of rectangles of varying heights.

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HR audit

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Process to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of HR programs and positions.

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Human resource information system (HRIS)

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Systematic tool for gathering, storing, maintaining, retrieving, and revising HR data

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Hybrid structure

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Organizational structure that mixes elements of the functional, product, and geographic structures.

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Industrial actions

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Various forms of collective employee actions taken to protest work conditions or employer action.

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Information management (IM)

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Use of technology to collect, process, and condense information with a goal of efficient management of information as an organizational resource.

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Intellectual property (IP)

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Creations of the mind such as inventions, literary and artistic works, symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce

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ISO 9000 standars

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Series of standards, developed/published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), that define, establish, and maintain a quality assurance system for manufacturing and service industries.

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Judgmental forecasts

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Use of information from past and present to predict future conditions.

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Key performance indicators (KPIs)

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Quantifiable measures of performance used to gauge progress toward strategic objectives or agreed standards of performance.

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KSAs

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Knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to effectively perform a job.

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Labor unions

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Groups of workers who coordinate their activities to achieve common goals (e.g., better wages, hours, etc) in their relationship with an employer or group of employers

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Layoffs

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Temporary employment separations;

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Leniency errors

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Errors that are the result of appraisers who don't want to give low scores.

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Line units

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Work groups that conduct the major business of an organization.

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Lockout

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Occurs when management shuts down operations to prevent union employees from working.

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Matrix structure

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Organizational structure that combines departmentalization by division and function to gain the benefits of both.

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Measuring

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Process of collecting and tabulating data.

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Mediation

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Method of nonbinding dispute resolution involving a third party who helps disputing parties reach a mutually agreeable decision;also known as conciliation.

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Mergers and acquisitions (M&A)

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Combination of two separate firms either by their joining together as a relative equals (merger) or by one acquiring the other (acquisition).

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Metrics

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Performance parameters based on the relationship between two or more measures.

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Mobile learning

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Digitized instructional content delivered to wireless mobile devices (e.g., smartphones, tablet computers, notebooks, and digital readers).

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Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA)

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Decision-making tool in which a team determines critical characteristics of a successful decision;a matrix is used to score each alternative and compare results.

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Multinational enterprise (MNE)

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Organization that owns or controls production or services facilities in one or more countries other than the home country.

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Multiple linear regression

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Statistical method that can be used to project future demand;more than one variable is utilized.

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Nominal group technique

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Group of individuals who meet face-to-face to forecast ideas and assumptions and prioritize issues.

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Offboarding

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Process of managing the way employees leave the organization.

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Organizational development

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Process of enhancing the effectiveness of an organization and the well-being of its members through planned interventions.

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Organizational exit

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Process of managing the way people leave an organization.

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Outsourcing

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Buying services externally rather than producing them internally.

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Pareto chart

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Vertical bar graph on which bar height reflects frequency or impact of causes.

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Performance appraisal

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Process of measuring employees' adherence to performance standards and providing feedback.

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Performance management

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Process of mantaining/improving employee job performance.

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Performance measures

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Comparison of current performance against key performance indicators (KPIs).

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Performance standards

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Expectations of management translated into behaviors and results that employees can deliver.

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Pluralism

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Type of labor environment in which multiple forces are at work, each with its own agenda, and conflict is overcome through negotiation.

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Primacy error

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Occurs when an appraiser gives more weight to an employee's earlier performance and discounts recent occurrences.

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Process-flow analysis

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Diagram of the steps involved in a process.

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Product structure

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Organizational structure in which functional departments are grouped under major product divisions.

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Radicalism

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Belief that management-labor conflict is an inherent characteristic of capitalism and can be resolved only with a change in the economic system.

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Recency error

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Error that occurs when an appraiser gives more weight to recent occurrences and discounts an employee's earlier performance during the appraisal period.

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Regression analysis

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Statistical method used to predict a variable from one or more predictor variables.

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Replacement planning

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"Snapshot" assessment of the availability of qualified backup for key positions.

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Restructuring

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Act of reorganizing legal, ownership, operational, or other organizational structures.

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Scatter diagram

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Illustration that depicts possible relationships between two variables.

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Service -level agreement (SLA)

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Part of a service contract where the service expectations are formally defined.

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Shared services HR model

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HR structural alternative in which centers with specific areas of expertise develop HR policies in those areas;each unit can then select what it needs from a menu of these services.

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Simple linear regression

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Projection of future demand based on a past relationship; involves a single variable.

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Six sigma

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A set of techniques and tools for quality process improvement.

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Social movement unionism

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Type of union activity that focuses on social topics such as antidiscrimination, environmental actions, and HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention.

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Software as a service (SaaS)

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Software that is owned, delivered, and managed remotely and delivered over the internet to contracted customers on a pay-for-use basis or as a subscription based on use metrics.

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Span of control

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Refers to the number of individuals who report to a supervisor.

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Staff units

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Work groups that assist line units by providing specialized services, such as HR.

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Strategy

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A plan of action for accomplishing an organization's long-range goals.

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Strictness

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Error that occurs when an appraiser believes standards are too low and inflates the standards in an effort to make them meaningful.

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Succession planning

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A talent management strategy to help identify and foster the development of high-potential employees.

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Supply chain

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Network that delivers products and services from raw materials to end customers through an engineered flow of information, physical distribution, and cash.

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SWOT analysis

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Process for assessing an organization's strategic capabilities in comparison to threats and opportunities identified during environmental scanning. (Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats)

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Theory of constraints (TOC)

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Systems management philosophy that states that every organization is hindered by constraints that come from its internal policies.

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Total quality management (TQM)

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Strategic, integrated management system for achieving customer satisfaction that involves all managers as well as employees, and uses quantitative methods to continuously improve an organization's processes. Edwards Demming is considered the "Father of TQM."

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Trade union

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Group of workers who coordinate their activities to achieve common goals (e.g., better wages, hours, and working conditions;job security

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Trend and ratio analyses

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Use of statistics to determine whether relationships exist between two variables.

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Turnover

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Annualized formula that tracks number of separations and total number of workforce employees per month.

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Unfair labor practice (ULP)

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Violation of right under labor-relations statutes.

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Unitarianism

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Belief that employers and employees can act together for their common good.

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Work/life balance (WLB)

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Umbrella term used to describe a variety of benefit-related initiatives to help employees effectively manage work, family, and personal life without extreme stress or negative impact.

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Workforce analysis

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Systematic approach to anticipate human capital needs and data HR professionals can use to ensure that appropriate knowledge, skills, and abilities will be available when needed to accomplish organizational goals and objectives.

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Workforce management

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All activities needed to ensure that the skills, knowledge, abilities, and performance of the workforce meet current and future organizational and individual needs.

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Workforce planning

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Process of analyzing the organization's workforce and determining steps required to prepare for future needs.

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Works councils

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Groups that represent employees, generally on a local or firm level; primary purpose is to receive from employers and to convey to employees information that might affect the workforce and the health of the enterprise.