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49 Cards in this Set
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- Back
Neolithic Revolution |
Neolithic = new stone age 1. Homo sapien sapien 2. 10,000-6,000 BCE 3. Agriculture 4. Domestication of animals 5. Pottery 6. Early village life 7. Change from hunter gatherer way of life to him more settled, agrarian based one |
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The Fertile Crescent |
1. Modern day Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Egypt, Iran, Turkey 2. Warm, wet climate 3. Abundant natural food supply 4. Most fertile land between Tigris and Euphrates river- Mesopotamia 5. Earliest perminant human settlements 8500 - 7000 BCE |
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Cuneiform |
1. Reed stylus created wedge like impressions on clay tablets 2. 4th millennium BCE Sumer |
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Hammurabi |
1. Ascended throne 1792 BCE 2. Used diplomacy 3. Religious imperialism - Marduk religion 4. Consolidated Babylonian Kingdom 5. Empire from Persian Gulf to Assyria 6. Took over Sumero - Akkadian Empire 7. Produced 1st written collection of laws |
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Imhotep |
1. Architect 2. 2600 BCE 3. Administrative of official for pharaoh, Djoser 4. Designed "step Pyramid " Ziggurat 5. Pyramid - symbolic of Pharaohs transcendent power |
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Hatshepsut |
1. 1479 BCE 2. Regent for Pharaoh Thutmose III 3. Trade increased 4. Arts flourished 5. Several successful military campaigns 6. Died 1458 BCE |
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King David |
1. Responsible for Hebrew Bible/Old Testament 2. ~1000 BCE 3. Triumphed over the "evil Philistines" 4. United Judah & Israel, and expanded Hebrew Kingdom 5. Built capital at Jerusalem, moved Ark of the covenant there |
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Assurbanipal |
1. Reigned 669 - 627 BE 2. "Enlightened" Assyrian king 3. Library at Nineveh 4. Sought internal reform 5. Governed Empire without use of brutal military force 6. Empire at its height when he died |
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Minoan Civilization |
1. 1900 - 1500 BCE 2. Thalasocracy - "Sea Empire" 3. Named after king Minos of Crete 4. Created pottery, metal work, and textiles 5. Built great fortified palaces (Knossos) 6. Modern Greek writing adapted from Minoan script, linear B |
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Cyrus the Great |
1. Conquers Chaldeans 539 BCE 2. Tolerant regime 3. "The Liberator" 4. Zoroastrianism (religion) 5. Darius I continued Cyrus' tolerant policy |
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Hoplite |
1. Greek soldiers 2. Phalanx formation - Tight shoulder-to-shoulder bunch formation, Hoplite covers you & 1/2 the man next to you 3. Rammed into enemies 4. Not very mobile 5. Fight Spring and summer 6. Weapons - long spear, short/ing sword, huge shield (hoplon) |
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Helots |
1. Slaves of Sparta's state 2. Messenians 3. Property and marriage rights 4. Out numbered Spartans 5. Krypteia kept them under control - like a secret police who terrorized helots |
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Solon |
1. Archon 594 BCE 2. Tries to reform Athens 3. Forbade debt slavery and freed slaves 4. Encouraged cultivation of olives and grapes - only thing that actually got passed by gov't 5. Allowed wider range of citizens to participate in Govt. 6. Failed |
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Ostracism |
1. Submit names of bad leaders, and the people with the most votes were exiled - corruptible system2. Started by Cleisthenes 2. Started by Cleisthenes |
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Battle of Marathon |
1. 490 BCE 2. Pheidippides delivers message to Sparta 3. Athenian military led by Miltiades 4. Greeks defeat Persians 5. Hoplite armor and Greek phalanx superior to Persians |
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Leonidas |
1. Leader of Spartan army 2. Lead 300 Spartans against Xerxes at the Battle of Thermopylae 3. Killed 20,000 Persians, probably closer to 10,000 4. Persians eventually win, and Athens is burned |
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Delian league |
1. 150 poleis who pledged to continue war against Persia 2. Led by Athens 3. Athens controlled funds and resources |
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Pericles |
1. Strategos (general) 462 BCE 2. Anti-Sparta 3. Gave citizens right to propose legislature 4. Paid people to participate in assembly 5. Ambitious public building projects |
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Peloponnesian War |
Three flashpoints responsible for the war 1. Epidamus (colony of Corcyra) conflict makes Corinth and Athens enemies 2. Potidaea (colony of Corinth - ally of Athens) escalates Corithian & Athenian conflict 3. Megara- Defects from Peloponnesian league. Sparta a enters Corithian/Athenian conflict More - Athens = Sea/navy - Sparta = land/army - Pericles puts pop of Attica inside Athenian walls - Scarlet fever kills 1/3 Athenian pop |
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Peloponnesian war 2 |
1. 407 BCE - Spartan naval fleet led by Lysander (Persians give them a navy) 2. 406 BCE - Spartans destroy Athenian fleet at Notium 3. 405 BCE - Athens can no longer feed or defend itself, Athen's loses the war but the city itself is spared |
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Philip of Macedon |
1. Comes to power in 359 BCE 2. Macedon = Kingdom of northern Greece 3. Stabilizes northern borders 4. Creates professional army 6. Seeks help of Athenian's for invasion of Persia, they say no, goes to war with Athens 7. 338 BCE - Macedon wins battle of Chaeronea 8. Establishes "league of Corinth" to provide forces to invade Persia 9. Dies in 336 BCE, never invades Persia, murdered by former lover |
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Alexander the Great |
1. Philip's son 2. Socrates was his private tutor 3. Ruled 336 - 323 BCE 4. Spread Greek culture throughout Middle East , North Africa, Europe 5. 334 BCE invaded Persian Empire 6. 331 BCE - destroyed Persian army at Battle of Gaugamela 7. Conquered Bactria (AFG) 8. Founded Greek cities during campaigns 9. Died 323 BCE - alcoholic - threw-up and choked on vomit |
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Hippocrates |
1. 460 - 370 BCE 2. 4 humors theory - human moods, emotions and behaviors were caused by an excess or lack of body fluids (called "humors"): blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. 3. Advocated bloodletting 4. Hippocratic oath |
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Hemophilia of Chalcedon |
1. 335 - 280 BCE 2. 1st to practice dissection 3. 1st neuroscientist 4. Discovered significance of a pulse 5. Discovered veins contain only blood and carry blood to & from heart |
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Socrates |
1. Philosopher - 469 - 399 BCE 2. Believed in absolute truth 3. Subjected all inherited assumptions to rigorous criticism 4. "Socratic method" and "Socratic irony" 5. Sentenced to death for "corrupting the youth" and "impiety" |
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Plato |
1. Philosopher - 429 - 349 BCE 2. Socrates' student 3. Founded the Academy in Athens 4. Wrote series of dialogs - Phaedo, Symposium, The Republic 5. Wanted to provide a secure foundation of ethics to refute Sophists |
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Aristotle |
1. Philosopher - 384 - 322 BCE 2. Believed in objective reality of material objects 3. Wanted to investigate tangible things and subject them to rational thought to define man's place in nature 4. Wrote Nicomachean ethics - aim for the golden mean |
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Hannibal Barca |
1. Head of Carthage during 2nd Punic war 2. Invade Rome with elephants 3. Peace agreement w/ Rome 201 BCE |
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2nd Punic War |
1. 218 BCE 2. Rome declares war on Carthage 3. Carthaginians under Hannibal invade Rome, used elephants 4. Romans under Scipio Afticanus invade Carthage 5. Romans defeat Carthage at battle of Zama 202 BCE 6. Peace agreement 201 BCE |
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Annona |
1. Means = Bread 2. Annona System fed the plebs - 5th century BCE, more widely used after 3rd Punic War 3. Collapse of Annona system starts dark ages |
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First Triumvirate |
1. Crasses - military background, very wealthy, put down slave result, killed by having molten gold poured down throat 2. Pompey - Military background, wealthy, receive triumph in 20s, took credit for putting down slave revolt, conquered Middle East for Rome 3. Caesar - Military background, youngest of 3, acted as arbiter between Crassus & Pompey |
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Julius Caesar |
1. 49 BCE Caesar crosses Rubicon and enters Rome 2. Caesar defeats Pompey at Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BCE 3. Installs Cleopatra as puppet ruler in Egypt 4. Conquers Asia minor 5. Named dictator for life 6. Controlled revenue, could make War and Peace 7. Above the law 8. Killed on the ides of March in 44 BCE by coup led by Brutus and Cassius |
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Second Triumvirate |
1. Octavian, Marc Antony, Lepidus 2. Defeated Brutus and Cassius' armies 3. Crushed Republican/optimate opposition 4. Competition between Octavian and Marc Antony 5. Marc Anthony goes East to Egypt, Octavian goes West to Europe 6. Octavian defeates Marc Antony at Battle of Actium 31 BCE |
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Augustus |
1. Left Republican institutions intact 2. Praetorian guard 3. Coinage system 4. Marriage laws 5. Standing army 6. Reform tax law 7. Public services - police and firefighters 8. Rebuilt temples 9. Road system 10. Courier system 11. Gain substantial territory for Rome 12. Allowed provinces to self govern 13. Venerated as a God after his death in 14CE |
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Caligula |
1. 12 - 41CE 2. Pandered to the Plebs 3. Began conquest of Britain 4. Attempted mortal deification 5. Insane, extravagant, cruel, sexual deviant 6. Assassinated |
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Boudicca |
1. Queen of Iceni tribe 2. United British tribes against Rome 3. Killed 70000 Romans 4. Defeated by Suetonius Paulinus 5. Died 61CE |
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Trajan |
1. 98 - 117CE 2. Conquered Mesopotamia 3. Extensive building projects 4. Roman reaches its territorial peak under him 5. Considered a "noble pagan" by Christians - Don't ask don't tell policy towards Christians |
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Hadrian |
1. 117 - 138CE 2. Highly respected in military 3. Numerous construction projects - Hadrian's wall, wall in northern England to keep out Picts 4. Patron of art and culture 5. Made beards fashionable - wanted to look like Greek philosophers 6. Withdrew Trajan's Mesopotamia conquest |
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Crisis of the 3rd century |
1. Commodus - 180 - 192CE 2. Horrible, and sit ruler 3. Assassinated by wrestling coach with no clear successor 4. Civil war 5. Debased coinage leads to mass inflation 6. Exorbitant taxes cause civil discontent 7. Plague adds to labor shortage 8. Barbarians advance on Rome |
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Diocletian |
1. 284 - 305CE 2. Dominus - God like 3. Established tetrarchy - sectioned off the Empire into East/West sections controlled with an Augustus and Caesar - Pres & VP 4. Stabilized currency 5. employed soldiers as text collectors 6. "great persecution" - kills hundreds of christians 7. Willingly stepped down from office to grow cabbage |
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Mithraism |
1. 1st - 4th century CE 2. Predominant religion of Roman military 3. No female members 4. Main tradition is to slay a ball, bathe in his blood, and have a banquet for the Sun God |
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Jesus of Nazareth |
1. Started Christian religion 2. Was a Jew |
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Monasticism |
1. Emerged in 3rd century 2. Response to worldliness of church 3. Solitary, contemplative prayer 4. Adhere to ascetic lifestyle - gave up worldly possessions 5. Cloistered cenobitic - closed off from outside community but in common community |
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Saint Augustine |
1. Possibly most influential Christian 2. Bishop of hippo - North Africa 3. Proto-predestination 4. Original sin - Adam and Eve 5. God grants grace 6. Talked about the corruptive power of sex 7. Died 430 CE |
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Gregory the Great |
1. Monk, then Pope 2. Encouraged almsgiving - give charity to poor 3. Gregorian chant 4. Mission to Britain 5. Died 609 CE |
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Alaric |
1. 1st king of the Goths 2. Demands money, food, and position in Roman army 3. Stilicho agrees to demands and is killed 4. Rome reneges on Stilicho's promise 5. Goths sack Rome in 410CE 6. Goths and Romans sign treaty in 418 CE. Give Goths land around French Riviera |
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Justinian |
1. Ruled from 527 - 565CE 2. 532CE - Nika revolt begins with a riot at the hippodrome 3. People direct anger towards Justinian 4. Wife Theodora tells him to squash riot 5. Justinian has entire audience slaughtered, 30000 - 40000 PPL |
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Iconoclasm |
1. "Breaking of images" 2. State sanctioned destruction of icons 3. Starts in 730 led by Leo the Isauriun 4. Repealed by Empress Irene in 787 and again by Empress Theodora in 843 5. Strained relationships of Eastern and Western churches 6. Prior to this, Pope's notified and asked permission before consecration 7. 741 Popes stopped notifying Byzantine emperors |
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Saint Benedict |
1. 480 - 547 2. Founder of Western Christian monasticism 3. Wrote the rule of Benedict 4. Performed miracles 5. Canonized in 1220 |