Shoots (Stems)

Front 1

meristematic tissue involved in primary growth

Back 1

shoot apical meristem (tip of shoot at the tip of the terminal bud)

Front 2

connection of pith and cortex in dicots

Back 2

pith rays

Front 3

node

Back 3

point along the stem where leaves are attached, contains lateral buds

Front 4

internode

Back 4

space between nodes
elongation of the internode is the primary growth in plants

Front 5

apical dominance

Back 5

terminal buds produce a hormone that inhibits the axillary buds

Front 6

rhizomes

Back 6

underground stem that grows horizontally through the soil
(potatoes are the swollen ends of rhizomes)

Front 7

stolon

Back 7

slender stem that grows horizontally above ground, touching the ground in certain places and forming roots and new shoots
example: strawberries

Front 8

bulbs and corms

Back 8

stems that function as food storage organs
a small stem surrounded by fleshy leaves
example: onion

Front 9

secondary growth

Back 9

growth in girth from lateral meristems (vascular cambium and cork cambium)
mostly in dicots

Front 10

location of vascular cambium

Back 10

between primary xylem and primary phloem

Front 11

secondary xylem arises from_______

Back 11

vascular cambium

Front 12

growth rings

Back 12

layers of secondary xylem (which accumulates to form wood) that are caused by winter cambium dormancy, and spring and summer wood production

Front 13

secondary phloem arises from _______

Back 13

vascular cambium

Front 14

cork cambium

Back 14

cylinder of meristematic tissue that first forms in the outer cortex
inner cells stay meristematic, outer cells become cork cells and die

Front 15

function of cork cells

Back 15

dead cork cells protect stem from damage and reduce water loss

Front 16

cork cambium arises from _______

Back 16

secondary phloem

Front 17

bark is composed of ______

Back 17

1) cork cambium
2) cork
3) phloem
(all tissue external to vascular cambium)

Front 18

periderm

Back 18

cork and cork cambium of bark

Front 19

lenticels

Back 19

spongy regions of bark that permit gas exchange

Front 20

vascular cambium arises from _____

Back 20

procambium

Front 21

procambium becomes

Back 21

1) primary phloem
2) vascular cambium
3) primary xylem

Front 22

vascular cambium gives rise to ______

Back 22

1) secondary phloem
2) secondary xylem

Front 23

heartwood

Back 23

dead xylem cells that are no longer in use

Front 24

sapwood

Back 24

young, secondary xylem cells which still transport water and minerals

Front 25

bud-scale scar

Back 25

scar that shows where dormant terminal bud fell off

Front 26

cork cambium arises from _______

Back 26

secondary phloem

Front 27

bark is composed of ______

Back 27

1) cork cambium
2) cork
3) phloem
(all tissue external to vascular cambium)

Front 28

periderm

Back 28

cork and cork cambium of bark

Front 29

lenticels

Back 29

spongy regions of bark that permit gas exchange

Front 30

vascular cambium arises from _____

Back 30

procambium

Front 31

leaf scars

Back 31

scars that show where petioles (leaf stalk) were attached

Front 32

indeterminate growth

Back 32

growth that continues for entire lifetime of plant

Front 33

annuals

Back 33

plants that live only for one growing season

Front 34

biennials

Back 34

plants that have two year life cycle
year one: roots and short stem forms
year two: flowers, fruits, and seeds produced and plant dies
examples: carrots, turnips

Front 35

perennials

Back 35

plants that live for more than two growing seasons
examples: most trees, tulips

Front 36

definition: tropism

Back 36

growth response to a stimulus (towards or away from)

Front 37

phototropism

Back 37

plants grow (bend) towards light

Front 38

gravitotropism

Back 38

growth in response to gravity
roots: grow towards (positive)
shoots: grow away (negative)

Front 39

thigmotropism

Back 39

growth response to touch (example: clinging vines)

Front 40

chemotropism

Back 40

growth in response to chemicals