Sharks And Fish (Cause They Are The Best Ever) :)

Front 1

What is a fish?

Back 1

A limbless aquatic vertebrate animal with fins and internal gills

Front 2

Chondrichthyans: Holocephalans vs. Elasmobranchs

Back 2

Holocephalans: 1 gill slit, 4 internal arches

Elasmobranchs: 5-7 gill slits, 5 arches

Front 3

Why are fish important?

Back 3

-good source of protein
-important in marine ecosystems (high trophic levels)
-structure a lot of food webs
-top-down control

Front 4

Fish habitats

Back 4

Fish can be found all over the world, in every aquatic environment (including marine)
Temp: -4 to 46 degrees Celsius

Front 5

Batoids

Back 5

-Rays and Skates
-gill slits on bottom
-spiracles- larger spiracles for living closer to the bottom

Front 6

What is the difference between skates and rays?

Back 6

Rays have spine (except Manta)
Skates have a bi-lobed pelvic fin and caudal fins

Front 7

Placoid Scales

Back 7

dermal denticles (skin teeth)

Front 8

Shark Body Forms

Back 8

-Carpet Sharks
-Six and Seven Gilled Sharks
-Saw Sharks
-Bullhead Sharks
-Angel Sharks
-Dogfish Sharks
-Mackerel Sharks
-Ground Sharks (including hammerheads)

Front 9

External anatomy of Chondrichthyes

Back 9

-pectoral fins
-pelvic fins
-anal fin
-gill opening
-spiracles (some)
-caudal fin

Front 10

Body forms of Osteichthyes

Back 10

-Very diverse
-a lot of diversity comes from fins

Front 11

Ctenoid Scales

Back 11

-Ctenii- stuck in skin, holds it in place

Front 12

Countershading

Back 12

A form of camouflage- blend in with the above light and the below dark
-animal dark on the top and light on the bottom- in bony fish and sharks and rays

Front 13

What causes coloration?

Back 13

1. Chromatophores: irregular-shaped cells which contain pigments that are stimulated by hormones and nerves
2. Iridiophores: colorful crystals within cells that use short-wavelength colors (possibly multilayered)- very shiny

Front 14

What are the four fish body shapes?

Back 14

1. Fusiform- shaped like bullets, fast swimming in open water (ex: tuna)
2. Compressiform- press sides in, quick speed for short distances (ex: tautos)
3. Depressiform- flattened dorso-ventrally, swims like a flying bird (ex: rays)
4. Filiform- long and thin, slithers like a snake (ex: pipefish)

Front 15

Caudal Fin

Back 15

Can be round to heterocercal (shark)
-heterocercal- vertebrae go up into the upper lobe
-the more forked the tail, the more high efficiency the swimming

Front 16

What are the basics of fish muscle in locomotion?

Back 16

-The muscles contract on one side while they relax on the other side
-muscle blocks arranged in myomeres (separated by myosepta)
-contractions proceed head to tail

Front 17

What is the difference between red muscle and white muscle?

Back 17

Red Muscle
- high performance- endurance swimming (ex: pelagic sharks- swim around all the time)
White muscle
-high twitch-fast burst (ambush predators)

Front 18

What is heterothermy and why do we care?

Back 18

Heterothermy is the partial regulation of body temperature or regional endothermy (highly localized)
-Can maintain body temperature in excess of ambient temperature
-usually done with the additional mass of red muscle
-involves complex circulatory system

Front 19

Gills and Ventilation in Sharks and Bony Fish

Back 19

Sharks and Rays- 5-7 external slits, 5-7 internal arches

Bony Fish- 1 external slit (operculum), 5-internal arches

Front 20

What is countercurrent exchange?

Back 20

This is when the water comes in and is pushed over gills
-the water with lots of oxygen going one way and blood with depleted oxygen goes the opposite- oxygen water feeds oxygen-deficient blood

Front 21

Osmoregulation

Back 21

-maintaining a healthy balance of ions between internal and external environments
-Marine fishes- drink all the time- salt pumped out with chloride cells
-Sharks and Rays- salt pumped out and regulated by rectal gland; high level of urea maintained internally; TMAO prevents protein denaturation