Sh522- Chapter 11 Neuroanatomy & Chapter 12 Neurophysiology

Front 1

cerebral cortex

Back 1

convoluted surface of the brain that overlies the internal white matter and the basal ganglia; convolutions allow accomodation of large cellular volume within a cranial space

Front 2

nerves

Back 2

neural pathways that convey motor commands to the periphery

Front 3

superficial sensation

Back 3

temperature, pain, touch; sensation arising from stimulation of the surface of the body

Front 4

deep sensation

Back 4

muscle tension, muscle length, joint position sense, muscle pain, pressure and vibration

Front 5

somatic sense

Back 5

sensation related to pain, thermal sensation, and mechanical sensation

Front 6

kinesthetic sense

Back 6

sense of the body in motion

Front 7

synapse

Back 7

make neurochemical connection within the central nervous system

Front 8

proprioceptors

Back 8

sensors that monitor change in a body's position or the position of its parts including muscle and joint sensors

Front 9

central nervous system

Back 9

includes brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, subcortical structures, brainstem) and spinal cord

Front 10

peripheral nervous system

Back 10

contains 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves as well as sensory receptors; housed outside of bone

Front 11

autonomic system

Back 11

governs involuntary activities of the visceral muscles including glandular secretions, heart function and digestive function

Front 12

somatic system

Back 12

major importance to speech pathology because it involves aspects of bodily function that are under our conscious and voluntary control including skeletal muscles from cerebral cortex

Front 13

sympathetic system

Back 13

subsystem that responds to stimulation through energy expenditure ex. vasoconstriction when frightened, dilation of pupiles, cardiac acceleration

Front 14

parasympathetic system

Back 14

conserves energy ex. vasodilation upon removal of feared stimulation, slowing of heart rate, reduction of blood pressure

Front 15

afferent

Back 15

ascending- sensory

Front 16

efferent

Back 16

descending- motor

Front 17

neurons

Back 17

communicating elements; functional building blocks of the nervous system; transmit information

Front 18

glial cells

Back 18

support tissue in nervous system

Front 19

excitation

Back 19

stimulation that causes an increase of activity of the tissue stimulated

Front 20

inhibiton

Back 20

stimulation of a neuron that reduces the neuron's output; reduces activity of neuron

Front 21

neurotransmitters

Back 21

compounds responsible for activation the next neuron in a chain of neurons

Front 22

presynaptic neuron

Back 22

"upstream" from the synapse and stimulate the postsynaptic neuron

Front 23

postsynaptic neuron

Back 23

follow the synapse

Front 24

receptor sites

Back 24

stimulated by neurotransmitters on postsynaptic neuron after they are released into the synaptic cleft

Front 25

interneurons

Back 25

largest class of neurons in the brain; provide communication between other neurons and they do not exit the CNS

Front 26

motor neuron

Back 26

efferent and typically bipolar neurons that activate muscular or glandular responses; usually have long axons that are myelinated

Front 27

sensory neuron

Back 27

afferent natured neurons (toward the CNS) that are identified by Roman numeral and lower case letters ex. register pain in the brain

Front 28

conduction velocity

Back 28

how fast a neuron can conduct an impulse

Front 29

hematoma

Back 29

pooling of blood, typically arising from the breakage of a blood vessel ex. subdural hematoma involves intracranial bleeding beneath dura matter and epidural hematoma that occurs above the dura matter

Front 30

cerebrospinal fluid

Back 30

provides a cushion for the delicate and dense neural tissue as well as nutrient delivery and waste removal

Front 31

ventricular system

Back 31

spacial system within the brain through which CSF flows; ventricles consist of 4 cavities: the right lateral ventricle, the left lateral ventricle, the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle

Front 32

choroid plexus

Back 32

aggregate of tissue that produces CSF; plexus of the lateral ventricles produce the bulk of the fluid

Front 33

gyri

Back 33

convolutions on the surface of the brain

Front 34

sulci

Back 34

infolding valleys that separate the sulci

Front 35

fissue

Back 35

when a groove is deeper and more pronounced

Front 36

corpus collosum

Back 36

largest interhemispheric commissural fiber bundle; memories, experiences and actions of both hemispheres are shared and integrated

Front 37

genu

Back 37

region of the corpus callosum where fibers course from one hemisphere to the other to serve the anterior frontal lobes

Front 38

demyelination

Back 38

would cause dysfunction of areas in brain where communication occurs between neurons

Front 39

projection fibers

Back 39

tracts running to and from the cortex to the brainstem and the spinal cord

Front 40

association fibers

Back 40

provide communication between regions of the same hemisphere; both long and short (short connect neurons of one gyrus to the next while long interconnect the lobes of the brain within the same hemisphere)

Front 41

commisural fibers

Back 41

corpus callosum is major group; these fibers run from one location on a hemisphere to the corresponding location on the other hemisphere

Front 42

basal ganglia

Back 42

group of cell bodies intimately related to the control of background movement and intiation of movement patterns; important in regulation motor functions and muscle tone; consist of five masses: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, claustrum and amygdaloid nucleus

Front 43

hippocampal formation

Back 43

implicated in memory function and is part of the rhinencephalon; it communicated with the hypothalamus

Front 44

diencephalon

Back 44

composed of the thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus and subthalamus; small and compact region; includes subcortical nuclear masses that form central core of brain

Front 45

thalamus

Back 45

oval nuclear mass that is made of numerous, specific and nonspecific nuclei that serve specific functions and projects to different parts of the brain

Front 46

reticular activating system

Back 46

rises from the thalamus is the functional system responsible for arousing the cortex and perhaps for focusing corticla regions to heightened awareness

Front 47

hypothalamus

Back 47

consists of many nuclei that regulate autonomic and endocrine functions; regulate body heat production, water intake, hormone production, emotions and reproduction

Front 48

cerebellum

Back 48

contributes to maintenance of equilibrium and also contributes to coordination of motor activity by modifying cortical motor functions; ensures smooth movement

Front 49

brainstem

Back 49

short extension of brain that connects diencephalon to the spinal cord; consists of three structures: midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata; predominantly consists of cranial nerve nuclei, longitudal fiber tracts and reticular formation internally

Front 50

medulla oblongata

Back 50

most caudal part of the brainstem between the pons and the spinal cord that contains all motor fibers that descent to the spinal cord and all sensory fibers that carry sensory info from body to more rostral brain areas

Front 51

pons

Back 51

contains all descending motor fibers and ascending sensory fibers, numerous cranial nuclei and reticular formation; contains also transverse fibers that form the middle cerebellar peduncle

Front 52

midbrain

Back 52

link between cerebral hemispheres and peripheral and cranial sensory input systems; contains all imcoming sensory and outgoing motor fibers

Front 53

pyrimidal decussation

Back 53

crossing of corticospinal fibers

Front 54

substantia nigra

Back 54

dark brown mass of cells that manufactures dopamine

Front 55

LMN

Back 55

cell bodies in spinal cord (alpha motor neurons) that provide output pathway to peripheral functions via their axons

Front 56

dematome

Back 56

nerve that serves innervation in regions in the spinal cord

Front 57

brainstem

Back 57

short extension of brain that connects diencephalon to the spinal cord; consists of three structures: midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata; predominantly consists of cranial nerve nuclei, longitudal fiber tracts and reticular formation internally

Front 58

medulla oblongata

Back 58

most caudal part of the brainstem between the pons and the spinal cord that contains all motor fibers that descent to the spinal cord and all sensory fibers that carry sensory info from body to more rostral brain areas

Front 59

pons

Back 59

contains all descending motor fibers and ascending sensory fibers, numerous cranial nuclei and reticular formation; contains also transverse fibers that form the middle cerebellar peduncle

Front 60

midbrain

Back 60

link between cerebral hemispheres and peripheral and cranial sensory input systems; contains all imcoming sensory and outgoing motor fibers

Front 61

pyrimidal decussation

Back 61

crossing of corticospinal fibers

Front 62

middle cerebellar peduncle

Back 62

consists of projections from the pontine nuclei

Front 63

substantia nigra

Back 63

dark brown mass of cells that manufactures dopamine

Front 64

dematome

Back 64

nerve that serves innervation in regions in the spinal cord

Front 65

LMN

Back 65

cell bodies in spinal cord (alpha motor neurons) that provide output pathway to peripheral functions via their axons

Front 66

brainstem

Back 66

short extension of brain that connects diencephalon to the spinal cord; consists of three structures: midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata; predominantly consists of cranial nerve nuclei, longitudal fiber tracts and reticular formation internally

Front 67

medulla oblongata

Back 67

most caudal part of the brainstem between the pons and the spinal cord that contains all motor fibers that descent to the spinal cord and all sensory fibers that carry sensory info from body to more rostral brain areas

Front 68

pons

Back 68

contains all descending motor fibers and ascending sensory fibers, numerous cranial nuclei and reticular formation; contains also transverse fibers that form the middle cerebellar peduncle

Front 69

midbrain

Back 69

link between cerebral hemispheres and peripheral and cranial sensory input systems; contains all imcoming sensory and outgoing motor fibers

Front 70

pyrimidal decussation

Back 70

crossing of corticospinal fibers

Front 71

substantia nigra

Back 71

dark brown mass of cells that manufactures dopamine

Front 72

dematome

Back 72

nerve that serves innervation in regions in the spinal cord

Front 73

LMN

Back 73

cell bodies in spinal cord (alpha motor neurons) that provide output pathway to peripheral functions via their axons

Front 74

brainstem

Back 74

short extension of brain that connects diencephalon to the spinal cord; consists of three structures: midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata; predominantly consists of cranial nerve nuclei, longitudal fiber tracts and reticular formation internally

Front 75

medulla oblongata

Back 75

most caudal part of the brainstem between the pons and the spinal cord that contains all motor fibers that descent to the spinal cord and all sensory fibers that carry sensory info from body to more rostral brain areas

Front 76

pons

Back 76

contains all descending motor fibers and ascending sensory fibers, numerous cranial nuclei and reticular formation; contains also transverse fibers that form the middle cerebellar peduncle

Front 77

midbrain

Back 77

link between cerebral hemispheres and peripheral and cranial sensory input systems; contains all imcoming sensory and outgoing motor fibers

Front 78

pyrimidal decussation

Back 78

crossing of corticospinal fibers

Front 79

substantia nigra

Back 79

dark brown mass of cells that manufactures dopamine

Front 80

dematome

Back 80

nerve that serves innervation in regions in the spinal cord

Front 81

LMN

Back 81

cell bodies in spinal cord (alpha motor neurons) that provide output pathway to peripheral functions via their axons

Front 82

UMN

Back 82

relate to cell bodies in motor cortex and descending axonal processes before they synapse on cranial or spinal motor neurons; syndrome results in paralysis or weakness, increased muscle tone, increased reflexes

Front 83

corticospinal tract

Back 83

tract that runs from the cortex tot he spine providing innervation of skeletal muscle

Front 84

corticobulbar tract

Back 84

not tract of spinal cord but important for speech production because it acts on sensory info both facilitating and inhibiting its transmission to the thalamus