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385 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What was the purpose of the 1967 Wholesome Meat Act?
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Closed loopholes that existed in earlier laws, which permitted the sale of uninspected meat to the public
|
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According to the WMA, what % of meat sold in the US must be inspected?
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100%
|
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Who pays for the cost of meat inspection?
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Federal govt pays for half
|
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Which meats are exempted from the WMA?
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Custom slaughter- establishments slaughtering meat for consumption by the animal owner, immediate family, non-paying guests
|
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An 1956 outbreak of which disease lead to the Wholesome Poultry Products Act of 1968
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Psittacosis
|
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What are the exemptions to the Wholesome Poultry Products Act?
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-farmer can raise 1000 birds/year and sell direct to the consumer
-small processors can slaughter 20,000 birds per year, equipment must pass inspection |
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Foreign meat plants that want to ship to the US must do what?
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Meet US standards and meet US leabelling and product composition requirements
|
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What dept runs the meat inspection program?
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The USDA, Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS)
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What type of tag is placed on equipment or facilities that do not meet federal standards?
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US Rejected
|
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What type of tag is placed on a post mortem carcass that may be unacceptable?
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US Retained
|
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The USDA has authority over food inspection and what other aspects of vet med?
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Approval and use of biologics in animals (vaccines, diagnostics)
|
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The FDA has broad responsibility for the safety of human food supply, and what aspects of vet med?
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Animal drugs, feeds, devices.
|
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What group regulates and enforces pesticides
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EPA- except when food in animal-derived human food then its the FDA
|
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In equine slaughter, inspection from a 48" walkway was used to look for what conditions?
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fistulous withers and poll evil
|
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The guttural pouch of the horse was inspected for the presence of what?
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absecesses...Stretococcous equi
|
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How was packaged horsemeat labeled?
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With green ink and the words Horse Meat or Horse Meat Product, an E was placed before the # of the processing facility
|
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Why might the ban on US horse slaughter be lifted?
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Ship out of the country, horses may face more cruelty
|
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Is seafood inspection mandated?
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No, it is done on a voluntary basis, producers follow federal guidelines
Catfish inspection is federally mandated |
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Which 5 species are inspected for an ante mortem inpsection?
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-sheep
-goats -pig -cattle -poultry (not meat) |
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When is the ante mortem inspection performed
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On the day of slaughter
|
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What is the purpose of the antemortem inspection?
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Combined with the post mortem inspection of the carcass, a determination of wholesomeness is made
|
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The processing establishment is required to provide what, for the antemortem inspection?
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-adequate lighting
-qualified employees -identification of animals -livestock must have access to water at all times while in holding pen |
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What are the 5 objective of the ante mortem inspection?
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-removing from human food those animals that have conditions which cannot be detected on post mortem (rabies, CNS lesions)
-preventing contamination of the slaughter area by diseased animals -obtaining info on suspect animals for post mortem disposition -withholding from slaughter animals exhibiting abnormal conditions making them unfit for human food -cooperation with animal disease control agencies |
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What are the 3 general signs that an animal may have a condition making it unfit for human food?
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-abnormal body movement (lameness, CNS)
-abnormal body condition (emaciation, partuition) -abnormal signs on body surface (injuries, fx, growths) |
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In the case of a suspect animal, a public health vet must do what?
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Take the animal's temp
|
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Cattle, sheep and horse are condemned if their ante mortem temp is what? Swine?
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105 F
Swine 106 F |
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Ante mortem conditions include cancer eye which is what?
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Epithelioma- Squamous Cell Carcinoma
|
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When are cattle that have recently calved fit for food?
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As soon as they place the placenta
|
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TB reactors that are passed during the post mortem exam are passed on what condition?
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Passed for cooking....meat must be cooked to an internal temp of 130 F for 30 minutes before being sold to the consumer
|
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Which species, if found to be Brucellosis positive, cannot be slaughtered due to public health reasons?
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Goats
|
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What is the fate of any cow, sheep or goat with a rectal temp of 96 F?
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Considered moribund and dying, unfit for human food
|
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An animal that is suspected of having biological residues can be tested post mortem, on site, by what process?
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FAST (antimicrobial screening)
|
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If the FAST test is positive, what steps does the PVH take next?
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Retain the carcass and submit samples to FSIS lab
|
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How are suspect animals identified (those that are identified as being diseases of abnormal?0
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With a silver ear tag, and forms completed with signs and temps and reason for condemnation
|
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What does a red ear tag mean?
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The animal is condemned for use as human food
|
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What happens to 99.5% of the Suspect animals?
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Released for slaughter since examination reveals no evidence of disease
|
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The remaining US Suspected animals go where?
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Onto slaughter at the end of the day, may be condemned post mortem
|
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What constitutes a US Condemned animal?
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-temp over 105 -106
-dz such as rabies, tetanus, listeriosis |
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What is the procedure for an emergency slaughter?
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Carcass should be kept with all parts until inspection can be made.
|
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If all the parts from an emergency slaughter are not available, what should happen to the carcass?
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Should be condemned
|
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What is exempted from the Humane Slaughter Act?
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Poultry and ritual slaughter
|
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Does the Humane Slaughter Act apply to meat imported to the US?
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Yes, must meet same standards
|
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At what speed should animals be walked thru alleyways?
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No faster than normal walking speed
|
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What are the regulations for the construction and maintenance of stunning areas?
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Constructed of a size that limits full movement, shall be kept in good repair and kept clear of sharp or protruding objects that may cause injury or pain
|
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What period of time does the post mortem inspection cover?
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The period from stunning to the point at which the carcass is taken to the chiller?
|
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How long should the stunning blow last?
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Long enough to allow bleeding
|
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Name the 4 approved methods for humane slaughter.
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-captive bolt pistols
-gunshot -carbon dioxide -electrical |
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More recent regulations by the FSIS have designated certain parts of the animal, brain, skull, eyes, trigeminal ganglion etc to be classified as what?
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SRM- specified risk materials due to BSE..prohibiting their use for human food
|
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What is the position of the FSIS on non-ambulatory disabled cows?
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They are condemned
|
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For which species is CO2 slaughter approved?
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Swine
|
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What are the 3 advantages to CO2 slaughter?
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-reduction of PSE in pork
-eliminates blood splattering -eliminates broken bones/backs |
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Electrical stunning is used primarily for which 2 species?
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-swine
-poultry |
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What are the 2 types of electrical stunning?
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-head only
-cardiac arrest |
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What is the amperage used for head only stunning?
|
Kidding! Note Card of Knowledge Question!
|
|
The cardiac arrest method of stunning us also called what?
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Electrical slaughter
|
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When a captive bolt is used, what are the signs of insensibility?
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-regular breathing should cease
-no corneal or blink reflex |
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What do the stunned animals die from?
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Cerebral Anoxia
|
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How long should the delay between stunning and bleeding be?
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livestock- less than 1 minute
poultry: 15 seconds |
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What will happen is bleeding is delayed?
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Increased blood pressure, vessels rupture, meat decomposes in that area
|
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After stunning and bleeding, the head is removed, what is it treated with?
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Lactic acid wash
|
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What structures of the head are examined?
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-mandibular and suprapharyngeal lymph nodes
-the tongue masseter muscles -parotid lymph node |
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What is the name of the process of removing the sheep skin?
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Fisting
|
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What diseases do the inspectors look for in the viscera?
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-cysticercosis
-liver flukes -lymph nodes for infection |
|
What is PSE meat?
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Pale, Soft, Exudative- refers to hog meat usually as PSS- Porcine Stress Syndrome
|
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What does the term "pluck" mean?
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Thoracic contents including the lungs and heart
|
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What is the goal of post mortem inspection?
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To make a disposition (as opposed to a cure)
|
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For the post mortem inspection, the vet should employ what orderly approach?
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-visual exam
-olfaction -palpation -incision |
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What procedure is followed if a disease or condition is found that causes you to retain a carcass?
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Tag the carcass and the viscera and head, retain one tag
|
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What are the 3 steps of the post mortem inspection sequence?
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-head inspection
-viscera inspection -carcass inspection |
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What is a dressed carcass?
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One in which the hide, appendages and viscera have been removed
|
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What is a FAST test used to detect?
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The presence of antimicrobial residue
|
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What are the 5 principles that must be considered in making a final deposition?
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-removal & condemnation of diseased or abnormal tissue
-concept of localized versus generalized and acute versus chronic -derangement of body functions -injurious to health of consumer -offensive and repugnant |
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Is it permissable to remove affected tissue (a bruise of abscess) and pass the rest of the carcass?
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Yes
|
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What is meant by a localized disease?
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The body's defense mechanisms have successfully contained the pathological changes
|
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What are the primary ways in which generalized disease spreads?
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Lymphatic and circulatory systems
|
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Which body system is widely used in meat inspection?
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Lymphatic system
|
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Which type of disease is more of a concern....acute or chronic?
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Acute- usually rapid moving and leaves lesions
|
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What is septicemia?
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A state of advanced, generalized disease process. Presents at multiple sites of infection
|
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What is pyemia?
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Generalized abscessation
|
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What is the cause of pus in pyemia?
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Invasion of staph and step directly into wounds and abrasions
|
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What is Toxemia?
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Systemic absorption of toxins
|
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What is meant by derangement of body function?
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When a dz or condition has progressed to the point that an important body function is impaired- carcass should be condemned
|
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What are some causes of conditions that can cause derangement?
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-uremia
-icterus -generalized edema -emaciation |
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What advice would you give to a farmer who slaughtered an animal for family consumption, but the drug withdrawal period was not followed?
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-discard the liver and kidneys
-liberally excise the injection site and discard -do not serve to any family member/guest, with a known allergy to a particular antibiotic |
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What is an indication of inadequate bleeding?
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Vessels along the ribs are full of blood and when cutting thru the muscles of the cheeks blood will flow
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Muscular hemorrhage results in what effect in the tissues?
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Petechiae
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What causes blood splash?
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The rise in blood pressure from stunning, if not relieved by bleeding causes blood splash..capillaries that hemorrhage from over filling
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In which slaughtering processes is blood splash reduced?
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CO2 and cardiac arrest (electrical)
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What 3 recommendations can be made with pork that has petechial blood splashing?
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-meat could still be consumed
-meat could be trimmed -meat could be discarded |
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On post mortem inspection, how do you tell if an animal was dead prior to being stunned?
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High blood content in the liver, lungs and kidneys
|
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In cattle that have had fever, a sweet but offensive odor is present. What causes this odor?
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Acetonemia
|
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What test is used to determine the presence of ketosis?
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Boiling test
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How soon after slaughter should the boiling test be performed?
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24 hours
|
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What do you do with a carcass that shows icterus?
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Icterus in any part..condemned
|
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What can icterus be confused with?
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Yellow fat ( heavy maize rations, nutritional panniculitis)
|
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Uremic carcasses are unfit for human food, borderline cases can be subjected to what test?
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Boiling test
|
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Is a carcass of a cow with milk fever condemned?
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If there is acetonemia it will be condemned.
|
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What effect can meat from a septicemic animal have on a human?
|
GI disturbances
|
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What are some of the clinical signs/lesions of septicemia?
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-high fever
-petechial hemorrhages -lymph nodes swollen -live, heart, kidney show cloudy swelling -blood stained exudate in the thoracic and abdominal cavities -meat is soft and dark in color, sweet odor of acetone |
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How does emaciation manifest in an animal?
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Wasting of muscular tissue and reduction in the amount of fat
|
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What is the cause of white spots in a pig liver?
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Migration of Ascaris suum
|
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If Ascaris suum is found, what other area should be checked?
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The sclera, for icterus
|
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What is the most common liver fluke in the US?
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Fasciola hepatica
|
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What portion of the liver is affected by F. heaptica?
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Bile ducts
|
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Can livers that are affected by flukes be trimmed and used for human consumption?
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No
|
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Liver abscesses in feedlot cattle are due to rumenitis casued by what bacetria?
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Fusobacterium necrophroum
|
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This infection is often in what type of animal?
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A 1000 lb heifer or steer being fattened for custom slaughter
|
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Are cirrhotic livers fit for human consumption?
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No
|
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What is the fate of the cow carcass that is found to have lesion of lymphosarcoma?
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Condemned
|
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What is the most common neoplasm found in cattle at slaughter?
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Squamous cell carcinoma...cancer eye
|
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If a carcass with cancer eye condemned?
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If the affliction affects the osseous structures of the head or if their iare mets to the lymph nodes, internal organs, etc
|
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What is the common term for actinomycosis?
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Lumpy jaw
|
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What is done if actinomycosis is found at post mortem?
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Head is discarded as unfit
|
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What is the common name for actinobacillus?
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Wooden tongue
|
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If the lungs are found to be involved in an actinobacillus infection, is the carcass condemned? (remember...lungs are not consumed)
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Yes- condemned
|
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What is diamond skin in swine?
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Erysipelas- skin form
|
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In which form of erysipelas is septicemia prominent?
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Acute form
|
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Is a carcass with erysipelas ok to consume?
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Only if the lesions are of the skin or arthritic joints
|
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What is the appearance of eosinophilic lesions?
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Irregularly distributed yeallow-green, yellow, grya-white small psinlde shaped areas or well defined, diffuse bright green areas from 1-8 cm
|
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What is the cause of myositis?
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No specific cause is known
|
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How is the carcass handled with myositis?
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Considered unwholesome because of the appearance. If localized, could be trimmed
|
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What agent causes swine TB?
|
Mycobacterium avium
|
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Are carcasses with swine TB condemned?
|
If the lesions are localized they can be trimmed and the rest of the carcass passed
|
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Are cases of caseous lymphadenitis condemned?
|
If the infection is slight, no
if the carcass is thin and showing well marked lesions in the viscera is condemned |
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What are the differences between poultry and red meat inspection?
|
-antemortem inspection is done by truckload, not bird by bird
-no tagging of suspect or condemned -temps are not taken -bio residues must be buried or burned -no federal law for humane slaughter |
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How is the poultry antemortem inspection carried out?
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The inspector observes a portion of the birds from each truckload prior to removal
|
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In poultry processing. what is the purpose of the scald tank?
|
Removal of feathers
|
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After evisceration, how much time does an inspector have to make a decision on a poultry carcass?
|
3 seconds
|
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What 3 dispositions can happen if poultry show signs of bio residues?
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-returned to grower for further holding time
-slaughtered, processed and retained for disposition -slaughtered and buried or incinerated |
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How many lesions of Tb must be found before a poultry carcass is condemned?
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One
|
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What is a common cause of luekosis in chickens?
|
-mareks disease virus
-leukosis virus group |
|
True of False Birds affected with luekosis are condemned?
|
True
|
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What is one organism that can cause air sacculitis and can also cause disease in humans?
|
Chlamydia psittaci
|
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Outbreaks of Chlamydia psittaci are usually seen in which species?
|
Turkeys
|
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In the case of poultry with neoplasia, is the carcass condemned?
|
if 1 tumor, it can be trimmed and then passed
2 or more tumors = condemned |
|
What is the definition of a cadevar?
|
Anything that dies from causes other than normal slaughter procedures
|
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What are some other reasons that poultry can be condemned?
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-overscald
-decomposition -inflammatory process |
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When is a poultry carcass condemned for not having viscera?
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When the heart, liver and spleen are not available for inspection
|
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When is ascites a cause for condemnation?
|
When fluid prevents inspection of the interclavicular air sacs
|
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Whay are some carcass parts condemned?
|
Localized conditions
|
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What does HACCP stand for?
|
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points
|
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Outbreaks of what organism have public perception of food borne disease risks?
|
e coli
|
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What is the goal of HACCP?
|
protecting public health
|
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How many principles does HACCP have?
|
7
|
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After conducting a hazard analysis a plant can determine a critical control point (CCP), which is what?
|
A step in the process where controls can be applied for safety
|
|
What are critical limits in the HACCP process?
|
The min and max values that a hazard must be controlled within (ie minimum cooking temp)
|
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The other principles of HACCP focus on what?
|
Monitoring and record keeping
|
|
What is the main focus of HACCP?
|
Indentifying and preventing hazards from contaminating food
|
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True or False The CDC is the regulatory agency in charge of food safety?
|
False- FDA, USDA, National Marine fishereis
|
|
Name some of the Gram negative bacteria that cause food borne illness
|
Salmonella, shigella, E coli, Campylobacter jejuni/coli, vibrio,parahemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V cholerae, Brucella, Mycobacteria
|
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Name some of the Gram positive agents that cause food borne illness
|
Closrtidia, Staph, Listeria
|
|
What are the most commonly reported viral food borne pathogens?
|
-hepatitis A
-Norwalks (calcici) virus |
|
A potent neuroparalytic extoxin is formed during the growth of which organism found in soil?
|
Clostridium botulinum
|
|
C. botulinum is associated with what types of foods?
|
Those grown near the soil (mushrooms), fruits and vegetables, honey, sea animals in Canada & Alaska
|
|
In the US, C. botulinum is associated with what food?
|
Home preserved vegetables
|
|
When species of staph is most associated with food borne illness?
|
Staph aureus
|
|
What type of toxin is produced by S. auerus?
|
Preformed enterotoxin
|
|
What are the clinical signs of infection with S. aureus?
|
-nausea
-vomiting -retching -abdominal cramps -diarrhea for 2-12 hours |
|
S. aureus can be found where in man?
|
Skin, nose & throat (of animals too)
|
|
What 3 pathogens cause dz by invading the intestinal epithelial cells
|
-salmonella
-campylobacter -listeria |
|
Which species of Salmonella can be asymtomatically carried by cows, and cause disease in humans who drink unpasteurized milk?
|
Salmonella dublin
|
|
True or false. Illness from Salmonella results from infection, not from preformed toxin.
|
True
|
|
Which is the most reported Salmonella serotype in man?
|
S. typhimurium
|
|
Which food products are frequent sources for Salmonella poisoning?
|
Meat and meat products
|
|
Salmonella can spread in the chill water of the poultry processing plant. What percentage of carcasses can this situation contaminate?
|
up to 20%
|
|
Which food borne pathogen is the most common batcerial precursor of Guillain-Barre syndrome?
|
Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni, coli
|
|
Campylobacter is found in the intestinal tract of which animals?
|
-cattle, swine, sheep , chickens, turkeys, dogs, cats ,rodents, monkeys
|
|
Approximately what percentage of raw chicken sold for human consumption is contaminated with Campylobacter?
|
50%
|
|
Which species of Listeria is capable of causing illness in humans?
|
Listersia monocytogenes
|
|
Clostriduim perfringens has been associated with causing illness from what types or foods/situations?
|
Hotel, school cafeterias, picnics- where food items are cooked and left to cool slowly
Meat & poultry dishes |
|
Where is E coli normally found?
|
In the intestinal flora of humans and warm blooded animals
|
|
E coli has been associated with contamination of what type of meat?
|
Ground beef
|
|
Ilness fro e coli is attributed to what type of toxin?
|
Verocytotoxin
|
|
Young and elderly patients infected with e coli can develop what other serious syndrome?
|
Hemolytic uremic syndrome
|
|
How do humans contract brucellosis?
|
Direct contact with an infected animal or ingesting contaminated dairy products
|
|
Which animals are the natural hosts to Brucella?
|
Cattle, goats, sheep swine
|
|
Mycobacterium bovis is transmitted to man by what 2 routes?
|
-direct contact with infected animals
-ingestion of contaminated milk |
|
What is the best known food borne parasite in the world?
|
Trichinella
|
|
Trichinella has been associated mostly with what type of food?
|
Garbage fed to swine
|
|
What has accounted for the decline in the number of trichnella cases?
|
Larvae are destroyed if garbage is cooked to 212 F for 30 mins, but most state laws prohibit feeding raw garbage to hogs
|
|
What other measures have helped to reduce the incidence of Trichinella?
|
Widespread commercial freezing of pork
Consumers awareness to cook pork adequately |
|
Is naked eye examination of pork carcasses sufficient to catch Trichinella?
|
No -only visible when cysts are calcified which can take 8 months
|
|
What methods are used to detect Trichinella?
|
-microscopis trichinoscoic method
-pooled sample digestion method -serology |
|
By what 4 methods is Trichinella destroyed?
|
-cooking
-freezing -curing -irradiation |
|
What tapeworms are of concern in food safety?
|
-T saginata
T solium -Diphylobothrium latum (fish tapeworm) |
|
Which organism is the most common zoonotic protosoan parasite of swine in the US?
|
Toxoplasma
|
|
What are the purposes of the label control program?
|
-require informative label
-prohibit use of false or misleading labeling -prevent adulteration of product -prevent unfair trade practices |
|
What are the percentages of raw and cooked meat that a product must contain to be under FSIS jurisdiction?
|
3% raw
2% cooked |
|
What are some of the essential features of a meat label?
|
-name of product
-ingredient statement -identity of manufacturer -net weight -inspection legend -warning statement -nutritional facts -safe handling instructions -country of origin |
|
Additives to food are controlled by which organization?
|
FDA
|
|
What single preservation process protects us from infection and intoxication?
|
-cooking
|
|
What other processes help preseve and protect our food?
|
-pasteurization
-refrigeration and freezing -irradiation |
|
What is a restricted product?
|
Any meat or meat food product that has been inspected & passed but cannot be released for human consumption until it has been subjected to a required tx because it has a disease or condition that might be transmitted to humans if not treated
|
|
What are the 4 types of treatment for restricted products?
|
-refrigeration
-heating -cooking -used in comminuted cooked meat food product |
|
What is an example of a restricted product that requires refrigeration?
|
Beef with cysticercosis-- must be frozen
|
|
What 2 restricted meats can be passed with heating?
|
Cysticercosis in beef
Cysticercosis in sheep |
|
What are the disease conditions that can be passed with cooking?
|
-tuberculosis
-caseous lymphadenitis -swine cysteicercosis -carcasses with parasites not transmissable to humans |
|
What 2 types of carcasses can be passed for use in comminuted cooked product?
|
-eosiniphilic myositis
-boar carcasses with less than pronounced sex odor |
|
By what 4 methods are condemned products destroyed?
|
-hasher
-rendering -incineration -denaturant |
|
True of False. Federal meat inspection standards are also applied to meat going into pet food?
|
False
|
|
What meat/meat products can go into dog food?
|
Anything!
-lung, spleen, udders, pork stomachs, esophagus, etc |
|
What decharacterizing additives are used in dog food?
|
-powdered charcoal
-suitable dyes -coarsely ground bone |
|
What change has he FDA made to protect humans from BSE in the food supply?
|
By prohibiting the us eof most of the mammalian protein in the manufacture of animal feeds given to ruminants and by removing all high risk material from animal feed.
|
|
What high risk materials?
|
-brain
-spinal cord from cattle 30 month sof age or older |
|
What is AAFCO?
|
Association of American Feed Control Officials
|
|
What does AAFCO do?
|
An advisory board that publishes model feed bills, pet food regulations and feed ingredient definitions
|
|
What is the only grade of milk that can be sold to consumers?
|
Grade A pasteurized milk
|
|
Is milk with traces of antibiotic residue acceptable to sell?
|
No
|
|
What does a somatic cell count test for in milk?
|
The number of white blood cells and tissue cells
|
|
What type of organism gains entry to the udder?
|
S aureus
Streptococci e coli P areuginosa. C perfringens Corynebacterium Mycobacteria |
|
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis causes what disease in ruminants? And may be linked to what disease in humans?
|
ruminant: Johne's disease
humans: chrohn's disease |
|
What is the only method to enusre that pathogens in milk are killed?
|
Pasteurization
|
|
Drug and chemical residues in food animals can be divided into what categories?
|
-insecticides
-drugs -toxins -chemicals -matellaoic |
|
Offering a food animal for sale with residues above the tolerance levels is considered a violation of what act?
|
Food, Drug and Cosmetic act
|
|
Whch agency has control over regulating animal drugs, feeds, devices and most animal health products?
|
FDA
|
|
What does the EPA regulate in terms of food animals?
|
Rodenticides, pesticides, insecticide
|
|
What are veterinary biologics?
|
-viruses
-serum -toxins |
|
What agency had jurisdiction of animal biologics?
|
USDA
|
|
What is meant by emerging infectious disease?
|
Disease of infectious origin where the incidence has increased in the past 20 years
|
|
What are the factors that affect emergence?
|
-humans
-mutation -anitbiotics -climate change -rural development (lyme) |
|
Influenza belongs to which family of virus?
|
Orhtomyxoviridae
|
|
Why is it that influenza viruses can have genetic drift fairly quickly?
|
They are RNA viruses with no proof-reading
|
|
What are the 4 main antigens of all influenza viruses?
|
HA
NA M NP |
|
What is the purpose of the HA antigen?
|
Hemagglutinin- mediates attachment to the cellular receptor, determines host range, stimulates neutralizing anitbody
|
|
What does NA stand for?
What does the M stand for? |
Neuraminidase
Matrix |
|
NP is the nucleocapsid, which is a type specific antigen that occurs in what 3 forms?
|
A, B and C..the basis for classification of human influenza virus
|
|
Which types occur only in humans?
|
B and C
|
|
In which species does type A occur?
|
Animals and Humans
|
|
Which species is the host to all Type A influenza viruses?
|
Birds
|
|
Type A viruses are divided into subtypes based on which 2 surface proteins?
|
H and N
|
|
How many tyoes of H proteins are there and how many types of N?
|
H: 16
N:9 |
|
Variants of Type A viruses are sometimes named for the species in which they circulate...such as..
|
-bird flu
-human flu -swine flu |
|
What type of bird is mainly the natural host for all subtypes of influenza A?
|
Waterfowl
|
|
What signs of infection are in waterfowl?
|
Viruses are enteric and usually subclinical
|
|
What type of birds DO become sick and die from influenza A?
|
Domestic poultry
|
|
The 3 human flu pandemics of the last century were caused by which type of influenza?
|
Type A
|
|
Why do influenza pandemics arise?
|
new subtypes and strains arise to which humans have no imunity
|
|
Why do new influenza SUBTYPES arise?
|
Due to reassortment
|
|
Define reassortment
|
when there is a double infection of a cell with more than 1 strain of Influenza Type A, the RNA segments of each with reassort with each other
|
|
Reassortment can also be thought of as what genetic process?
|
Antigenic SHIFT
|
|
Which protein is always involved in the reassortment?
|
HA
|
|
New STRAINS of influenza arise due to what?
|
Antigenic drift..small point mutations
|
|
Which species plays a role in reassortment and the emergence of new flu subtypes for humans?
|
Pigs
|
|
How can swine produce new flu subtypes for humans?
|
Pigs express receptors for avian, swine and human flu viruses
|
|
What type of influenza if of the most concern today?
|
Direct transmission to human and then human to human
|
|
Which protein play a role in overcoming species barriers?
|
HA
|
|
The 2009 H1N1 influenza virus is now at what level, according to WHO?
|
Pandemic
|
|
Why is the 2009 H1N1 mistakenly called the swine flu?
|
Initial tests showed several genes were similar to influenza that normally occurs in pigs
|
|
H1N1 contains genetic pieces from how many sources?
|
4- quadruple reassortment
|
|
True or false. From the beginning of the H1N1 outbreak, people infected have had exposure to pigs
|
False- no exposure to pigs
|
|
Persons infected with H1N1 shed the virus for how long?
|
Form 1 day before getting sick to 5-7 days after
|
|
Who is in the high risk group for H1N1?
|
Children under 5, Adults 65 and older
|
|
Which age of the population has a greater disease burden with H1N1?
|
People younger than 25
|
|
What is the most important step in protecting against influenza infection?
|
vaccination
|
|
Animals that have been infected with H1N1 have acquired the infection from where?
|
Humans- shedding the virus
|
|
What is the risk of humans spreading H1N1 to animals?
|
Trying to keep the infection out of swine herds
|
|
Is swine Type A influenza virus a swine flu?
|
yes....not H1N1
|
|
What is the death rate from influenza in swine?
|
low (high level of illness)
|
|
When do mist outbreaks of swine flu occur in herds?
|
Late fall and winter
|
|
Are Swine influenza H1N1 the same as human H1N1
|
NO!
|
|
Do swine flu viruses infect humans?
|
Very rarely
|
|
In the case of a human becoming infected with a (true) swine flu, what was the reason?
|
Person had direct exposure to pigs
|
|
How often is there a direct exposure of a human to a swine influenza?
|
1person every 1-2 years
|
|
Are swine flu viruses transmitted by food to humans?
|
No
|
|
Where was the most well known outbreak of swine flu in humans?
|
Ft. Dix, NJ (1976)
|
|
Which swine flu types are endemic among pig populations in the US?
|
H1N1 and H3N2
|
|
How is the flu transmitted from pig to pig?
|
Close contact, possibly from contaminated objects
|
|
What are the best 2 methods of prevention and control of the flu among pigs?
|
vaccine and hygeine
|
|
What are the clinical signs of 2009 H1N1 in pets?
|
Ferrets, cats: coughing ,s neezing, runny nose/eyes (resp problems)
Dog (H3N8) kennel cough symptoms |
|
Is a cat with FeLV or FIV more susecptible to 2009 H1N1?
|
In theory yes (immunocompromised) but not enough data yet
|
|
How should a pet, suspected of having 2009 H1N1 be treated at your clinic?
|
Treat as if it has an infectious disease...quarantine, hygiene, sanitation
|
|
What quarantine measure should be taken if a suspected H1N1 pet is at our clinic?
|
Treat as if it has a viral respiratory infection....quarantine, hygiene, sanitation
|
|
Will an infected pet spread H1N1 to other pets or staff at a vet clinic?
|
Don't know yet..to date the pets that have gotten H1N1 have gotten it from their owners
|
|
Could a staff member spread H1N1 to the animals?
|
Sick staff members should stay home
|
|
Avian influenza is caused by which strain?
|
Type A
|
|
What 2 categories is avian influenza broadly divided into?
|
HPAI (highly pathogenic)
LPAI (low pathogenic) |
|
These categories are based on what?
|
The strains ability to cause disease in poultry
|
|
LPAI is a natural infection of what type of bird? And has what effect on poultry and wild birds?
|
Waterfowl
-minimal to no signs of dz in poultry |
|
True of False? HPAI is rarely found in waterfowl.
|
True- but causes severe dz in poultry (mortality can be 100%)
|
|
Which 2 types of Avian influenza are known to include high pathogenic viruses?
|
H5, H7
|
|
From where is avian influenza virus shed?
|
-saliva
-nasal secretions -feces |
|
What is the most common means of contamination from bird to bird?
|
Ingestion of contaminated feces
also via aerosol means in close contact |
|
How is AI spread from poultry facility to facility?
|
Movement of infected birds or contaminated people or equipment
|
|
Where can the AI virus be found when it comes to eggs?
|
Inner and outer surfaces of the shell
|
|
What processes will inactivate AI virus?
|
-detergents
-disinfectants -heat -drying |
|
Where can the AI viruses persist?
|
-soil
-feces -pond water (less stable as temp increases) |
|
Usually, does AI infect humans?
|
No (birds and pigs)
|
|
Has there ever been a case of direct transmission from bird to human?
|
Yes- 1997- Hong Kong, people had direct contact with infected birds (fecal oral)
2004 Viet Nam and Thailand (24 human deaths) |
|
So far, under what circumstances has there been direct transmission from bird to human of H5N1?
|
With extensive direct contact with infected birds such as home slaughter or defeathering
|
|
Why is H5N1 a concern to humans?
|
-mutates rapidly
-high ability to acquire genes from viruses infecting other species -HPAI is deadly to most poultry -Causes serious dz in humans and poultry |
|
What seems to the the method of transmission of H5N1 to humans?
|
Inhalation of infectious droplets by close contact with infected LIVE birds
(possibly by fomite contact) |
|
To date, has there been sustained human to human transmission of H5N1?
|
No
|
|
Has environment to human transmission been proven?
|
No
|
|
How has H5N1 been transmitted to wild felids?
|
By feeding of raw infected chickens to leopards in a zoo
|
|
How might the innate immune system contribute to the pathogenesis of AI?
|
Cytokine storms- high blood levels of many cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Severe pulmonary injury
|
|
What are the initial symptoms in humans of an AI infection?
|
High fever, flu like illness, lower respiratory tract symptoms
|
|
What is the mortality rate of hospitalized patients?
|
High....probably mush lower overall
|
|
What control measures have been put into place to protect against H5 N1?`
|
-test poultry flocks
-cull domestic birds -vaccinate domestic birds -isolate domestic birds from waterfowl -vaccinate humans -separate pig and bird production |
|
What is the situation of H5N1 infection in cats?
|
cats can become infected by eating infected birds, and can pass the virus cat to cat
|
|
What does MRSA stand for?
|
Methicillin-resistant Staph aureus
|
|
MRSA was first reported as what type of infection?
|
Nosocomial
|
|
True or False. The nosocomial strains of MRSA ase the same as the community strains,
|
False- different strains
-differ in their antibiotic resistance profile -different types of dz in humans |
|
What is thw main problem with MRSA infections?
|
Difficult to treat!
|
|
What % of humans are nasal carriers of S. aureus (non MRSA)
|
25-50%
|
|
Most nosocomial MRSA infections are seen in which patient populations?
|
-elderly
-open wound -ICU pts |
|
In which species are recent outbreaks of MRSA a concern?
|
Horses
|
|
Which species is the reservoir for the equine infections?
|
Humans
|
|
Community acquired strains have also been reported in which species?
|
Cattle, chickens and pigs
|
|
MRSA zoonoses is possible, which species is the true reservoir?>
|
Humans
|
|
To which drug are many hospital acquired MRSA's resistant ?
|
Vancomycin
|
|
MRSA and non MRSA strains can be found as commensals....where on people?
|
-skin
-nasopharynx -nares -perineum |
|
Non-MRSA staph aureus food poisoning occurs how quickly after ingestion?
|
2-4 hours
|
|
In the hospital, MRSA is usually spread by what means?
|
The hands of staff...direct contact
|
|
What types of skin and soft tissue infections can MRSA cause in humans?
|
-impetigo
-folliculitis -furunculosis -celllulitis -abscesses -wound infection |
|
What invasive infections can MRSA cause?
|
-pneumonia
-endocarditis -osteomyelitis -meningitis -septicemia |
|
What type of infection does the hospital acquired MRSA tend to cause?
|
-surgical site infection
-invasive dz |
|
What type of infection does the community acquired MRSA tend to cause?
|
Superficial skin or soft tissue dz
|
|
How are skin infections treated?
|
-no abi
-drainage wound treatment only |
|
Why aren't antibiotics used in the case of Staph food poisoning?
|
Staph is a pre-formed toxin, antibiotics don't help
|
|
All MRSA strains are resistant to whic antibiotics?
|
-PCN
-cephalosporin -cephems -other Beta lactams |
|
What strain of S aureus is one of the most common causes of bovine mastitis?
|
Non MRSA S aureus
|
|
In which species has MRSA been reported?
|
horse, dogs, cats, cattle, sheep, rabbits, chickens, a parrot, pigs
|
|
What are the steps for MRSA prevention on the vet side?
|
-hand washing
-environmental disinfection -surveillance (particularly in horses) -screening at admissions |
|
What steps can you take to prevent MRSA in horse?
|
-wash hands and tools
-wash hands between horses -disposable gowns |
|
Equine MRSA surveillance can include what steps?
|
-nasal swabs
-culture and sens -isolate animals from others |
|
What % of vets are carrying MRSA?
|
15% of equine vets
|
|
A new strain of MRSA was recognized to infect human working with which species?
|
Pigs
|
|
According to the european FS authority, does eating or handling food containing MRSA lead to increased risk for humans?
|
No
|
|
Why was West Nile Virus first Dx as St. Louis encephalitis?
|
Serology was used, cross reactivewith WNV antibodies with SLE antigens
|
|
Why is there potentially a high percentage of infections with WNV?
|
WNV is a new pathogenic virus and humans are an immunologically naive population
|
|
WNV is in which virus family?
|
Flaviviridae
|
|
What is the biological vector for WNV?
|
Mosquitos (Culex)
|
|
What species is the reservoir host?
|
Some species of wild birds
|
|
What type of infection is seen in some birds with WNV?
|
-infection but no dz
-infection, dz, survive -infection, dz, die |
|
Geographically, in the US, WNV spread in which direction?
|
East to West
|
|
How does tranmission of WNV to humans occur?
|
Mosquito bite 99.9999%
-transfusion/transplants -mother to child -lab acquired human infection |
|
Why are humans a dead end host?
|
Never become viremic enough to infect a mosquito
exceptions to dead end host: transfusions, transplants, in-utero, breast milk |
|
Which species is thought to pass WNV onto mosquitos?
|
Wild birds....corvids
|
|
What is the mortality rate of WNV in horses?
|
33%
|
|
Horse that survive WNV has a 40% of having what side effects?
|
Gait and behavioral abnormalities
|
|
What type of disease does WNV cause in humans?
|
Severe neurologic dz (encephalitis, meningitis)
|
|
Which human population is more at risk for WNV?
|
Over 50, immunocompromised people
|
|
What is WNV fever?
|
Systemic infection without neurologic dz (affects up 20% of those infected)
|
|
How is WNV Dx in horses and humans?
|
IgM capture ELISA test
detects IgM response elicited by recent infection with WNV |
|
What is the Tx for WNV in humans and horses?
|
Supportive cae
|
|
How can WNV infection be prevented?
|
Avoid mosquito bites
|
|
Is there a WNV vaccine for humans?
Horses? |
Humans: No
Horses: yes, but clinical dz is not fully prevented |
|
What does STE stand for?
|
Transmissable Spongiform Encephalitis
|
|
What are some TSE's?
|
-bovine spongiform encephalitis
-scrapie (sheep) -chronic wasting dz (elk, deer) -CJD, nvCJD - humans |
|
Which TSE has evidence of being a human pathogen?
|
BSE
|
|
What is a PrP?
|
Prion protein
|
|
Where is PrP found?
|
in normal cells (host-encoded surface protein)
|
|
What is the abbreviation ofr a normal cellular PrP?
|
PrPc
|
|
Where is there a high concentration of PrPc?
|
Lymporeticular and nervous tissue
|
|
How is the biochemically changed PrP that accumulates in disease denoted?
|
PrP tse
|
|
True or False. cooking food does not destroy PrPtse
|
True
|
|
What can cause a change from PrP c to PrP tse?
|
-can happen spontaneously or be induced by other PrP tse molecules
|
|
Do the PrP tse of BSE, scrapi and Classis CJD differ?
|
Yes
|
|
What is the difference in the PrPtse of BSE and nvCJD?
|
No difference
|
|
What is the outcome of infection with a TSE?
|
Always fatal
|
|
What neurologic changes are seen with TSE?
|
PrPtse accumulation in brain and spinal cord with subsequent neurodegeneration
|
|
What route is thought to be the only route of TSE infection?
|
Oral
|
|
How is scrapie transmitted sheep to sheep?
|
Horizontally, through contact with placental fluid and tissues, and contaminated lambing pens
|
|
True or False. BSE cannt be transmitted by feed.
|
False- can be transmitted by contaminated feed
|
|
Is the route of transmission of CWD known?
|
No
|
|
New data shows that CWD both blood and saliva contain the infectious prions. What does this mean in terms of transmission?
|
Could be transmitted by blood sucking insects or contact among animals
|
|
What is the gold standard test for testing og BSE?
|
Bio rad ELISA- of brain stem tissue
|
|
Is there a Dx test for BSE in live cattle?
|
No
|
|
BSE prions are found mainly in the CNS. In what other tissues have the prions been found?
|
Tonsils and distal ileum- small intestine from cattle now removed and not allowed into human food
SRM= specified risk material |
|
How has BSE been transmitted among cattle?
|
Only by contaminated feed (containing ruminant proteins)
|
|
BSE is associated with what human dz?
|
nv Creutzfeldt-Jackob Dz
|
|
What type of dz is CJD?
|
Rare fatal dementia affecting persons 60-65 y/o
|
|
How is nvCJD different than CJD?
|
-affects persons 20-40 y/o
-prominent psychiatric or sensory abnormalities -course of illness 14 months |
|
What makes some people susceptible to nv CJD?
|
Homozygous for methionine
|
|
What epidemiological evidence is there to support a relationship between BSE and nvCJD?
|
nvCJD emerged at a time appropriate for transmission via ingestion of BSE agent in beef
|
|
What surveillance is done in the US for BSE?
|
-ante mortem inspection- for CNS signs
-random but targeted testing -testing all cattle brains submitted for rabies testing |
|
What changes has the FDA made to help contain BSE?
|
-ban feeding of certain mammalian protein to ruminants
-prohibit SRMs in human food, supplements and cosmetics -ban on feeding poultry litter to ruminants |
|
Chronic Wasting Disease affects which species?
|
-deer
-elk -moose |
|
What is the suspected transmission route of CWD?
|
Saliva and feces....more like scrapie
|
|
What is SARS?
|
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
|
|
SARS started in animals with what type of virus?
|
Corona virus- common in group housed animals
|
|
Name some other Corona viruses.
|
-FIP
-feline enteric coronavirus -enetric coronavirus of cattle, horse & dog -common cold in humans |
|
What are some of the known hostr for SASRS cv? (but not likely the reervoir)
|
-chinese ferret badger
-masked palm civets -raccoon dogs -ferrets etc -domestic cats |
|
Which species is most likely the reservoir host of SARS cv?
|
bats (horseshoe bat in china)
|
|
Bats are also the reservoir for what other emerging zoonotic agents?
|
-ebola
-nipha and hendra virus -variants of rabies -SARS-like cv |