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385 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What was the purpose of the 1967 Wholesome Meat Act?
Closed loopholes that existed in earlier laws, which permitted the sale of uninspected meat to the public
According to the WMA, what % of meat sold in the US must be inspected?
100%
Who pays for the cost of meat inspection?
Federal govt pays for half
Which meats are exempted from the WMA?
Custom slaughter- establishments slaughtering meat for consumption by the animal owner, immediate family, non-paying guests
An 1956 outbreak of which disease lead to the Wholesome Poultry Products Act of 1968
Psittacosis
What are the exemptions to the Wholesome Poultry Products Act?
-farmer can raise 1000 birds/year and sell direct to the consumer
-small processors can slaughter 20,000 birds per year, equipment must pass inspection
Foreign meat plants that want to ship to the US must do what?
Meet US standards and meet US leabelling and product composition requirements
What dept runs the meat inspection program?
The USDA, Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS)
What type of tag is placed on equipment or facilities that do not meet federal standards?
US Rejected
What type of tag is placed on a post mortem carcass that may be unacceptable?
US Retained
The USDA has authority over food inspection and what other aspects of vet med?
Approval and use of biologics in animals (vaccines, diagnostics)
The FDA has broad responsibility for the safety of human food supply, and what aspects of vet med?
Animal drugs, feeds, devices.
What group regulates and enforces pesticides
EPA- except when food in animal-derived human food then its the FDA
In equine slaughter, inspection from a 48" walkway was used to look for what conditions?
fistulous withers and poll evil
The guttural pouch of the horse was inspected for the presence of what?
absecesses...Stretococcous equi
How was packaged horsemeat labeled?
With green ink and the words Horse Meat or Horse Meat Product, an E was placed before the # of the processing facility
Why might the ban on US horse slaughter be lifted?
Ship out of the country, horses may face more cruelty
Is seafood inspection mandated?
No, it is done on a voluntary basis, producers follow federal guidelines
Catfish inspection is federally mandated
Which 5 species are inspected for an ante mortem inpsection?
-sheep
-goats
-pig
-cattle
-poultry (not meat)
When is the ante mortem inspection performed
On the day of slaughter
What is the purpose of the antemortem inspection?
Combined with the post mortem inspection of the carcass, a determination of wholesomeness is made
The processing establishment is required to provide what, for the antemortem inspection?
-adequate lighting
-qualified employees
-identification of animals
-livestock must have access to water at all times while in holding pen
What are the 5 objective of the ante mortem inspection?
-removing from human food those animals that have conditions which cannot be detected on post mortem (rabies, CNS lesions)
-preventing contamination of the slaughter area by diseased animals
-obtaining info on suspect animals for post mortem disposition
-withholding from slaughter animals exhibiting abnormal conditions making them unfit for human food
-cooperation with animal disease control agencies
What are the 3 general signs that an animal may have a condition making it unfit for human food?
-abnormal body movement (lameness, CNS)
-abnormal body condition (emaciation, partuition)
-abnormal signs on body surface (injuries, fx, growths)
In the case of a suspect animal, a public health vet must do what?
Take the animal's temp
Cattle, sheep and horse are condemned if their ante mortem temp is what? Swine?
105 F
Swine 106 F
Ante mortem conditions include cancer eye which is what?
Epithelioma- Squamous Cell Carcinoma
When are cattle that have recently calved fit for food?
As soon as they place the placenta
TB reactors that are passed during the post mortem exam are passed on what condition?
Passed for cooking....meat must be cooked to an internal temp of 130 F for 30 minutes before being sold to the consumer
Which species, if found to be Brucellosis positive, cannot be slaughtered due to public health reasons?
Goats
What is the fate of any cow, sheep or goat with a rectal temp of 96 F?
Considered moribund and dying, unfit for human food
An animal that is suspected of having biological residues can be tested post mortem, on site, by what process?
FAST (antimicrobial screening)
If the FAST test is positive, what steps does the PVH take next?
Retain the carcass and submit samples to FSIS lab
How are suspect animals identified (those that are identified as being diseases of abnormal?0
With a silver ear tag, and forms completed with signs and temps and reason for condemnation
What does a red ear tag mean?
The animal is condemned for use as human food
What happens to 99.5% of the Suspect animals?
Released for slaughter since examination reveals no evidence of disease
The remaining US Suspected animals go where?
Onto slaughter at the end of the day, may be condemned post mortem
What constitutes a US Condemned animal?
-temp over 105 -106
-dz such as rabies, tetanus, listeriosis
What is the procedure for an emergency slaughter?
Carcass should be kept with all parts until inspection can be made.
If all the parts from an emergency slaughter are not available, what should happen to the carcass?
Should be condemned
What is exempted from the Humane Slaughter Act?
Poultry and ritual slaughter
Does the Humane Slaughter Act apply to meat imported to the US?
Yes, must meet same standards
At what speed should animals be walked thru alleyways?
No faster than normal walking speed
What are the regulations for the construction and maintenance of stunning areas?
Constructed of a size that limits full movement, shall be kept in good repair and kept clear of sharp or protruding objects that may cause injury or pain
What period of time does the post mortem inspection cover?
The period from stunning to the point at which the carcass is taken to the chiller?
How long should the stunning blow last?
Long enough to allow bleeding
Name the 4 approved methods for humane slaughter.
-captive bolt pistols
-gunshot
-carbon dioxide
-electrical
More recent regulations by the FSIS have designated certain parts of the animal, brain, skull, eyes, trigeminal ganglion etc to be classified as what?
SRM- specified risk materials due to BSE..prohibiting their use for human food
What is the position of the FSIS on non-ambulatory disabled cows?
They are condemned
For which species is CO2 slaughter approved?
Swine
What are the 3 advantages to CO2 slaughter?
-reduction of PSE in pork
-eliminates blood splattering
-eliminates broken bones/backs
Electrical stunning is used primarily for which 2 species?
-swine
-poultry
What are the 2 types of electrical stunning?
-head only
-cardiac arrest
What is the amperage used for head only stunning?
Kidding! Note Card of Knowledge Question!
The cardiac arrest method of stunning us also called what?
Electrical slaughter
When a captive bolt is used, what are the signs of insensibility?
-regular breathing should cease
-no corneal or blink reflex
What do the stunned animals die from?
Cerebral Anoxia
How long should the delay between stunning and bleeding be?
livestock- less than 1 minute
poultry: 15 seconds
What will happen is bleeding is delayed?
Increased blood pressure, vessels rupture, meat decomposes in that area
After stunning and bleeding, the head is removed, what is it treated with?
Lactic acid wash
What structures of the head are examined?
-mandibular and suprapharyngeal lymph nodes
-the tongue
masseter muscles
-parotid lymph node
What is the name of the process of removing the sheep skin?
Fisting
What diseases do the inspectors look for in the viscera?
-cysticercosis
-liver flukes
-lymph nodes for infection
What is PSE meat?
Pale, Soft, Exudative- refers to hog meat usually as PSS- Porcine Stress Syndrome
What does the term "pluck" mean?
Thoracic contents including the lungs and heart
What is the goal of post mortem inspection?
To make a disposition (as opposed to a cure)
For the post mortem inspection, the vet should employ what orderly approach?
-visual exam
-olfaction
-palpation
-incision
What procedure is followed if a disease or condition is found that causes you to retain a carcass?
Tag the carcass and the viscera and head, retain one tag
What are the 3 steps of the post mortem inspection sequence?
-head inspection
-viscera inspection
-carcass inspection
What is a dressed carcass?
One in which the hide, appendages and viscera have been removed
What is a FAST test used to detect?
The presence of antimicrobial residue
What are the 5 principles that must be considered in making a final deposition?
-removal & condemnation of diseased or abnormal tissue
-concept of localized versus generalized and acute versus chronic
-derangement of body functions
-injurious to health of consumer
-offensive and repugnant
Is it permissable to remove affected tissue (a bruise of abscess) and pass the rest of the carcass?
Yes
What is meant by a localized disease?
The body's defense mechanisms have successfully contained the pathological changes
What are the primary ways in which generalized disease spreads?
Lymphatic and circulatory systems
Which body system is widely used in meat inspection?
Lymphatic system
Which type of disease is more of a concern....acute or chronic?
Acute- usually rapid moving and leaves lesions
What is septicemia?
A state of advanced, generalized disease process. Presents at multiple sites of infection
What is pyemia?
Generalized abscessation
What is the cause of pus in pyemia?
Invasion of staph and step directly into wounds and abrasions
What is Toxemia?
Systemic absorption of toxins
What is meant by derangement of body function?
When a dz or condition has progressed to the point that an important body function is impaired- carcass should be condemned
What are some causes of conditions that can cause derangement?
-uremia
-icterus
-generalized edema
-emaciation
What advice would you give to a farmer who slaughtered an animal for family consumption, but the drug withdrawal period was not followed?
-discard the liver and kidneys
-liberally excise the injection site and discard
-do not serve to any family member/guest, with a known allergy to a particular antibiotic
What is an indication of inadequate bleeding?
Vessels along the ribs are full of blood and when cutting thru the muscles of the cheeks blood will flow
Muscular hemorrhage results in what effect in the tissues?
Petechiae
What causes blood splash?
The rise in blood pressure from stunning, if not relieved by bleeding causes blood splash..capillaries that hemorrhage from over filling
In which slaughtering processes is blood splash reduced?
CO2 and cardiac arrest (electrical)
What 3 recommendations can be made with pork that has petechial blood splashing?
-meat could still be consumed
-meat could be trimmed
-meat could be discarded
On post mortem inspection, how do you tell if an animal was dead prior to being stunned?
High blood content in the liver, lungs and kidneys
In cattle that have had fever, a sweet but offensive odor is present. What causes this odor?
Acetonemia
What test is used to determine the presence of ketosis?
Boiling test
How soon after slaughter should the boiling test be performed?
24 hours
What do you do with a carcass that shows icterus?
Icterus in any part..condemned
What can icterus be confused with?
Yellow fat ( heavy maize rations, nutritional panniculitis)
Uremic carcasses are unfit for human food, borderline cases can be subjected to what test?
Boiling test
Is a carcass of a cow with milk fever condemned?
If there is acetonemia it will be condemned.
What effect can meat from a septicemic animal have on a human?
GI disturbances
What are some of the clinical signs/lesions of septicemia?
-high fever
-petechial hemorrhages
-lymph nodes swollen
-live, heart, kidney show cloudy swelling
-blood stained exudate in the thoracic and abdominal cavities
-meat is soft and dark in color, sweet odor of acetone
How does emaciation manifest in an animal?
Wasting of muscular tissue and reduction in the amount of fat
What is the cause of white spots in a pig liver?
Migration of Ascaris suum
If Ascaris suum is found, what other area should be checked?
The sclera, for icterus
What is the most common liver fluke in the US?
Fasciola hepatica
What portion of the liver is affected by F. heaptica?
Bile ducts
Can livers that are affected by flukes be trimmed and used for human consumption?
No
Liver abscesses in feedlot cattle are due to rumenitis casued by what bacetria?
Fusobacterium necrophroum
This infection is often in what type of animal?
A 1000 lb heifer or steer being fattened for custom slaughter
Are cirrhotic livers fit for human consumption?
No
What is the fate of the cow carcass that is found to have lesion of lymphosarcoma?
Condemned
What is the most common neoplasm found in cattle at slaughter?
Squamous cell carcinoma...cancer eye
If a carcass with cancer eye condemned?
If the affliction affects the osseous structures of the head or if their iare mets to the lymph nodes, internal organs, etc
What is the common term for actinomycosis?
Lumpy jaw
What is done if actinomycosis is found at post mortem?
Head is discarded as unfit
What is the common name for actinobacillus?
Wooden tongue
If the lungs are found to be involved in an actinobacillus infection, is the carcass condemned? (remember...lungs are not consumed)
Yes- condemned
What is diamond skin in swine?
Erysipelas- skin form
In which form of erysipelas is septicemia prominent?
Acute form
Is a carcass with erysipelas ok to consume?
Only if the lesions are of the skin or arthritic joints
What is the appearance of eosinophilic lesions?
Irregularly distributed yeallow-green, yellow, grya-white small psinlde shaped areas or well defined, diffuse bright green areas from 1-8 cm
What is the cause of myositis?
No specific cause is known
How is the carcass handled with myositis?
Considered unwholesome because of the appearance. If localized, could be trimmed
What agent causes swine TB?
Mycobacterium avium
Are carcasses with swine TB condemned?
If the lesions are localized they can be trimmed and the rest of the carcass passed
Are cases of caseous lymphadenitis condemned?
If the infection is slight, no
if the carcass is thin and showing well marked lesions in the viscera is condemned
What are the differences between poultry and red meat inspection?
-antemortem inspection is done by truckload, not bird by bird
-no tagging of suspect or condemned
-temps are not taken
-bio residues must be buried or burned
-no federal law for humane slaughter
How is the poultry antemortem inspection carried out?
The inspector observes a portion of the birds from each truckload prior to removal
In poultry processing. what is the purpose of the scald tank?
Removal of feathers
After evisceration, how much time does an inspector have to make a decision on a poultry carcass?
3 seconds
What 3 dispositions can happen if poultry show signs of bio residues?
-returned to grower for further holding time
-slaughtered, processed and retained for disposition
-slaughtered and buried or incinerated
How many lesions of Tb must be found before a poultry carcass is condemned?
One
What is a common cause of luekosis in chickens?
-mareks disease virus
-leukosis virus group
True of False Birds affected with luekosis are condemned?
True
What is one organism that can cause air sacculitis and can also cause disease in humans?
Chlamydia psittaci
Outbreaks of Chlamydia psittaci are usually seen in which species?
Turkeys
In the case of poultry with neoplasia, is the carcass condemned?
if 1 tumor, it can be trimmed and then passed
2 or more tumors = condemned
What is the definition of a cadevar?
Anything that dies from causes other than normal slaughter procedures
What are some other reasons that poultry can be condemned?
-overscald
-decomposition
-inflammatory process
When is a poultry carcass condemned for not having viscera?
When the heart, liver and spleen are not available for inspection
When is ascites a cause for condemnation?
When fluid prevents inspection of the interclavicular air sacs
Whay are some carcass parts condemned?
Localized conditions
What does HACCP stand for?
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points
Outbreaks of what organism have public perception of food borne disease risks?
e coli
What is the goal of HACCP?
protecting public health
How many principles does HACCP have?
7
After conducting a hazard analysis a plant can determine a critical control point (CCP), which is what?
A step in the process where controls can be applied for safety
What are critical limits in the HACCP process?
The min and max values that a hazard must be controlled within (ie minimum cooking temp)
The other principles of HACCP focus on what?
Monitoring and record keeping
What is the main focus of HACCP?
Indentifying and preventing hazards from contaminating food
True or False The CDC is the regulatory agency in charge of food safety?
False- FDA, USDA, National Marine fishereis
Name some of the Gram negative bacteria that cause food borne illness
Salmonella, shigella, E coli, Campylobacter jejuni/coli, vibrio,parahemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V cholerae, Brucella, Mycobacteria
Name some of the Gram positive agents that cause food borne illness
Closrtidia, Staph, Listeria
What are the most commonly reported viral food borne pathogens?
-hepatitis A
-Norwalks (calcici) virus
A potent neuroparalytic extoxin is formed during the growth of which organism found in soil?
Clostridium botulinum
C. botulinum is associated with what types of foods?
Those grown near the soil (mushrooms), fruits and vegetables, honey, sea animals in Canada & Alaska
In the US, C. botulinum is associated with what food?
Home preserved vegetables
When species of staph is most associated with food borne illness?
Staph aureus
What type of toxin is produced by S. auerus?
Preformed enterotoxin
What are the clinical signs of infection with S. aureus?
-nausea
-vomiting
-retching
-abdominal cramps
-diarrhea
for 2-12 hours
S. aureus can be found where in man?
Skin, nose & throat (of animals too)
What 3 pathogens cause dz by invading the intestinal epithelial cells
-salmonella
-campylobacter
-listeria
Which species of Salmonella can be asymtomatically carried by cows, and cause disease in humans who drink unpasteurized milk?
Salmonella dublin
True or false. Illness from Salmonella results from infection, not from preformed toxin.
True
Which is the most reported Salmonella serotype in man?
S. typhimurium
Which food products are frequent sources for Salmonella poisoning?
Meat and meat products
Salmonella can spread in the chill water of the poultry processing plant. What percentage of carcasses can this situation contaminate?
up to 20%
Which food borne pathogen is the most common batcerial precursor of Guillain-Barre syndrome?
Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni, coli
Campylobacter is found in the intestinal tract of which animals?
-cattle, swine, sheep , chickens, turkeys, dogs, cats ,rodents, monkeys
Approximately what percentage of raw chicken sold for human consumption is contaminated with Campylobacter?
50%
Which species of Listeria is capable of causing illness in humans?
Listersia monocytogenes
Clostriduim perfringens has been associated with causing illness from what types or foods/situations?
Hotel, school cafeterias, picnics- where food items are cooked and left to cool slowly
Meat & poultry dishes
Where is E coli normally found?
In the intestinal flora of humans and warm blooded animals
E coli has been associated with contamination of what type of meat?
Ground beef
Ilness fro e coli is attributed to what type of toxin?
Verocytotoxin
Young and elderly patients infected with e coli can develop what other serious syndrome?
Hemolytic uremic syndrome
How do humans contract brucellosis?
Direct contact with an infected animal or ingesting contaminated dairy products
Which animals are the natural hosts to Brucella?
Cattle, goats, sheep swine
Mycobacterium bovis is transmitted to man by what 2 routes?
-direct contact with infected animals
-ingestion of contaminated milk
What is the best known food borne parasite in the world?
Trichinella
Trichinella has been associated mostly with what type of food?
Garbage fed to swine
What has accounted for the decline in the number of trichnella cases?
Larvae are destroyed if garbage is cooked to 212 F for 30 mins, but most state laws prohibit feeding raw garbage to hogs
What other measures have helped to reduce the incidence of Trichinella?
Widespread commercial freezing of pork
Consumers awareness to cook pork adequately
Is naked eye examination of pork carcasses sufficient to catch Trichinella?
No -only visible when cysts are calcified which can take 8 months
What methods are used to detect Trichinella?
-microscopis trichinoscoic method
-pooled sample digestion method
-serology
By what 4 methods is Trichinella destroyed?
-cooking
-freezing
-curing
-irradiation
What tapeworms are of concern in food safety?
-T saginata
T solium
-Diphylobothrium latum (fish tapeworm)
Which organism is the most common zoonotic protosoan parasite of swine in the US?
Toxoplasma
What are the purposes of the label control program?
-require informative label
-prohibit use of false or misleading labeling
-prevent adulteration of product
-prevent unfair trade practices
What are the percentages of raw and cooked meat that a product must contain to be under FSIS jurisdiction?
3% raw
2% cooked
What are some of the essential features of a meat label?
-name of product
-ingredient statement
-identity of manufacturer
-net weight
-inspection legend
-warning statement
-nutritional facts
-safe handling instructions
-country of origin
Additives to food are controlled by which organization?
FDA
What single preservation process protects us from infection and intoxication?
-cooking
What other processes help preseve and protect our food?
-pasteurization
-refrigeration and freezing
-irradiation
What is a restricted product?
Any meat or meat food product that has been inspected & passed but cannot be released for human consumption until it has been subjected to a required tx because it has a disease or condition that might be transmitted to humans if not treated
What are the 4 types of treatment for restricted products?
-refrigeration
-heating
-cooking
-used in comminuted cooked meat food product
What is an example of a restricted product that requires refrigeration?
Beef with cysticercosis-- must be frozen
What 2 restricted meats can be passed with heating?
Cysticercosis in beef
Cysticercosis in sheep
What are the disease conditions that can be passed with cooking?
-tuberculosis
-caseous lymphadenitis
-swine cysteicercosis
-carcasses with parasites not transmissable to humans
What 2 types of carcasses can be passed for use in comminuted cooked product?
-eosiniphilic myositis
-boar carcasses with less than pronounced sex odor
By what 4 methods are condemned products destroyed?
-hasher
-rendering
-incineration
-denaturant
True of False. Federal meat inspection standards are also applied to meat going into pet food?
False
What meat/meat products can go into dog food?
Anything!
-lung, spleen, udders, pork stomachs, esophagus, etc
What decharacterizing additives are used in dog food?
-powdered charcoal
-suitable dyes
-coarsely ground bone
What change has he FDA made to protect humans from BSE in the food supply?
By prohibiting the us eof most of the mammalian protein in the manufacture of animal feeds given to ruminants and by removing all high risk material from animal feed.
What high risk materials?
-brain
-spinal cord
from cattle 30 month sof age or older
What is AAFCO?
Association of American Feed Control Officials
What does AAFCO do?
An advisory board that publishes model feed bills, pet food regulations and feed ingredient definitions
What is the only grade of milk that can be sold to consumers?
Grade A pasteurized milk
Is milk with traces of antibiotic residue acceptable to sell?
No
What does a somatic cell count test for in milk?
The number of white blood cells and tissue cells
What type of organism gains entry to the udder?
S aureus
Streptococci
e coli
P areuginosa.
C perfringens
Corynebacterium
Mycobacteria
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis causes what disease in ruminants? And may be linked to what disease in humans?
ruminant: Johne's disease
humans: chrohn's disease
What is the only method to enusre that pathogens in milk are killed?
Pasteurization
Drug and chemical residues in food animals can be divided into what categories?
-insecticides
-drugs
-toxins
-chemicals
-matellaoic
Offering a food animal for sale with residues above the tolerance levels is considered a violation of what act?
Food, Drug and Cosmetic act
Whch agency has control over regulating animal drugs, feeds, devices and most animal health products?
FDA
What does the EPA regulate in terms of food animals?
Rodenticides, pesticides, insecticide
What are veterinary biologics?
-viruses
-serum
-toxins
What agency had jurisdiction of animal biologics?
USDA
What is meant by emerging infectious disease?
Disease of infectious origin where the incidence has increased in the past 20 years
What are the factors that affect emergence?
-humans
-mutation
-anitbiotics
-climate change
-rural development (lyme)
Influenza belongs to which family of virus?
Orhtomyxoviridae
Why is it that influenza viruses can have genetic drift fairly quickly?
They are RNA viruses with no proof-reading
What are the 4 main antigens of all influenza viruses?
HA
NA
M
NP
What is the purpose of the HA antigen?
Hemagglutinin- mediates attachment to the cellular receptor, determines host range, stimulates neutralizing anitbody
What does NA stand for?
What does the M stand for?
Neuraminidase

Matrix
NP is the nucleocapsid, which is a type specific antigen that occurs in what 3 forms?
A, B and C..the basis for classification of human influenza virus
Which types occur only in humans?
B and C
In which species does type A occur?
Animals and Humans
Which species is the host to all Type A influenza viruses?
Birds
Type A viruses are divided into subtypes based on which 2 surface proteins?
H and N
How many tyoes of H proteins are there and how many types of N?
H: 16
N:9
Variants of Type A viruses are sometimes named for the species in which they circulate...such as..
-bird flu
-human flu
-swine flu
What type of bird is mainly the natural host for all subtypes of influenza A?
Waterfowl
What signs of infection are in waterfowl?
Viruses are enteric and usually subclinical
What type of birds DO become sick and die from influenza A?
Domestic poultry
The 3 human flu pandemics of the last century were caused by which type of influenza?
Type A
Why do influenza pandemics arise?
new subtypes and strains arise to which humans have no imunity
Why do new influenza SUBTYPES arise?
Due to reassortment
Define reassortment
when there is a double infection of a cell with more than 1 strain of Influenza Type A, the RNA segments of each with reassort with each other
Reassortment can also be thought of as what genetic process?
Antigenic SHIFT
Which protein is always involved in the reassortment?
HA
New STRAINS of influenza arise due to what?
Antigenic drift..small point mutations
Which species plays a role in reassortment and the emergence of new flu subtypes for humans?
Pigs
How can swine produce new flu subtypes for humans?
Pigs express receptors for avian, swine and human flu viruses
What type of influenza if of the most concern today?
Direct transmission to human and then human to human
Which protein play a role in overcoming species barriers?
HA
The 2009 H1N1 influenza virus is now at what level, according to WHO?
Pandemic
Why is the 2009 H1N1 mistakenly called the swine flu?
Initial tests showed several genes were similar to influenza that normally occurs in pigs
H1N1 contains genetic pieces from how many sources?
4- quadruple reassortment
True or false. From the beginning of the H1N1 outbreak, people infected have had exposure to pigs
False- no exposure to pigs
Persons infected with H1N1 shed the virus for how long?
Form 1 day before getting sick to 5-7 days after
Who is in the high risk group for H1N1?
Children under 5, Adults 65 and older
Which age of the population has a greater disease burden with H1N1?
People younger than 25
What is the most important step in protecting against influenza infection?
vaccination
Animals that have been infected with H1N1 have acquired the infection from where?
Humans- shedding the virus
What is the risk of humans spreading H1N1 to animals?
Trying to keep the infection out of swine herds
Is swine Type A influenza virus a swine flu?
yes....not H1N1
What is the death rate from influenza in swine?
low (high level of illness)
When do mist outbreaks of swine flu occur in herds?
Late fall and winter
Are Swine influenza H1N1 the same as human H1N1
NO!
Do swine flu viruses infect humans?
Very rarely
In the case of a human becoming infected with a (true) swine flu, what was the reason?
Person had direct exposure to pigs
How often is there a direct exposure of a human to a swine influenza?
1person every 1-2 years
Are swine flu viruses transmitted by food to humans?
No
Where was the most well known outbreak of swine flu in humans?
Ft. Dix, NJ (1976)
Which swine flu types are endemic among pig populations in the US?
H1N1 and H3N2
How is the flu transmitted from pig to pig?
Close contact, possibly from contaminated objects
What are the best 2 methods of prevention and control of the flu among pigs?
vaccine and hygeine
What are the clinical signs of 2009 H1N1 in pets?
Ferrets, cats: coughing ,s neezing, runny nose/eyes (resp problems)

Dog (H3N8) kennel cough symptoms
Is a cat with FeLV or FIV more susecptible to 2009 H1N1?
In theory yes (immunocompromised) but not enough data yet
How should a pet, suspected of having 2009 H1N1 be treated at your clinic?
Treat as if it has an infectious disease...quarantine, hygiene, sanitation
What quarantine measure should be taken if a suspected H1N1 pet is at our clinic?
Treat as if it has a viral respiratory infection....quarantine, hygiene, sanitation
Will an infected pet spread H1N1 to other pets or staff at a vet clinic?
Don't know yet..to date the pets that have gotten H1N1 have gotten it from their owners
Could a staff member spread H1N1 to the animals?
Sick staff members should stay home
Avian influenza is caused by which strain?
Type A
What 2 categories is avian influenza broadly divided into?
HPAI (highly pathogenic)
LPAI (low pathogenic)
These categories are based on what?
The strains ability to cause disease in poultry
LPAI is a natural infection of what type of bird? And has what effect on poultry and wild birds?
Waterfowl

-minimal to no signs of dz in poultry
True of False? HPAI is rarely found in waterfowl.
True- but causes severe dz in poultry (mortality can be 100%)
Which 2 types of Avian influenza are known to include high pathogenic viruses?
H5, H7
From where is avian influenza virus shed?
-saliva
-nasal secretions
-feces
What is the most common means of contamination from bird to bird?
Ingestion of contaminated feces

also via aerosol means in close contact
How is AI spread from poultry facility to facility?
Movement of infected birds or contaminated people or equipment
Where can the AI virus be found when it comes to eggs?
Inner and outer surfaces of the shell
What processes will inactivate AI virus?
-detergents
-disinfectants
-heat
-drying
Where can the AI viruses persist?
-soil
-feces
-pond water
(less stable as temp increases)
Usually, does AI infect humans?
No (birds and pigs)
Has there ever been a case of direct transmission from bird to human?
Yes- 1997- Hong Kong, people had direct contact with infected birds (fecal oral)
2004 Viet Nam and Thailand (24 human deaths)
So far, under what circumstances has there been direct transmission from bird to human of H5N1?
With extensive direct contact with infected birds such as home slaughter or defeathering
Why is H5N1 a concern to humans?
-mutates rapidly
-high ability to acquire genes from viruses infecting other species
-HPAI is deadly to most poultry
-Causes serious dz in humans and poultry
What seems to the the method of transmission of H5N1 to humans?
Inhalation of infectious droplets by close contact with infected LIVE birds
(possibly by fomite contact)
To date, has there been sustained human to human transmission of H5N1?
No
Has environment to human transmission been proven?
No
How has H5N1 been transmitted to wild felids?
By feeding of raw infected chickens to leopards in a zoo
How might the innate immune system contribute to the pathogenesis of AI?
Cytokine storms- high blood levels of many cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Severe pulmonary injury
What are the initial symptoms in humans of an AI infection?
High fever, flu like illness, lower respiratory tract symptoms
What is the mortality rate of hospitalized patients?
High....probably mush lower overall
What control measures have been put into place to protect against H5 N1?`
-test poultry flocks
-cull domestic birds
-vaccinate domestic birds
-isolate domestic birds from waterfowl
-vaccinate humans
-separate pig and bird production
What is the situation of H5N1 infection in cats?
cats can become infected by eating infected birds, and can pass the virus cat to cat
What does MRSA stand for?
Methicillin-resistant Staph aureus
MRSA was first reported as what type of infection?
Nosocomial
True or False. The nosocomial strains of MRSA ase the same as the community strains,
False- different strains
-differ in their antibiotic resistance profile
-different types of dz in humans
What is thw main problem with MRSA infections?
Difficult to treat!
What % of humans are nasal carriers of S. aureus (non MRSA)
25-50%
Most nosocomial MRSA infections are seen in which patient populations?
-elderly
-open wound
-ICU pts
In which species are recent outbreaks of MRSA a concern?
Horses
Which species is the reservoir for the equine infections?
Humans
Community acquired strains have also been reported in which species?
Cattle, chickens and pigs
MRSA zoonoses is possible, which species is the true reservoir?>
Humans
To which drug are many hospital acquired MRSA's resistant ?
Vancomycin
MRSA and non MRSA strains can be found as commensals....where on people?
-skin
-nasopharynx
-nares
-perineum
Non-MRSA staph aureus food poisoning occurs how quickly after ingestion?
2-4 hours
In the hospital, MRSA is usually spread by what means?
The hands of staff...direct contact
What types of skin and soft tissue infections can MRSA cause in humans?
-impetigo
-folliculitis
-furunculosis
-celllulitis
-abscesses
-wound infection
What invasive infections can MRSA cause?
-pneumonia
-endocarditis
-osteomyelitis
-meningitis
-septicemia
What type of infection does the hospital acquired MRSA tend to cause?
-surgical site infection
-invasive dz
What type of infection does the community acquired MRSA tend to cause?
Superficial skin or soft tissue dz
How are skin infections treated?
-no abi
-drainage
wound treatment only
Why aren't antibiotics used in the case of Staph food poisoning?
Staph is a pre-formed toxin, antibiotics don't help
All MRSA strains are resistant to whic antibiotics?
-PCN
-cephalosporin
-cephems
-other Beta lactams
What strain of S aureus is one of the most common causes of bovine mastitis?
Non MRSA S aureus
In which species has MRSA been reported?
horse, dogs, cats, cattle, sheep, rabbits, chickens, a parrot, pigs
What are the steps for MRSA prevention on the vet side?
-hand washing
-environmental disinfection
-surveillance (particularly in horses)
-screening at admissions
What steps can you take to prevent MRSA in horse?
-wash hands and tools
-wash hands between horses
-disposable gowns
Equine MRSA surveillance can include what steps?
-nasal swabs
-culture and sens
-isolate animals from others
What % of vets are carrying MRSA?
15% of equine vets
A new strain of MRSA was recognized to infect human working with which species?
Pigs
According to the european FS authority, does eating or handling food containing MRSA lead to increased risk for humans?
No
Why was West Nile Virus first Dx as St. Louis encephalitis?
Serology was used, cross reactivewith WNV antibodies with SLE antigens
Why is there potentially a high percentage of infections with WNV?
WNV is a new pathogenic virus and humans are an immunologically naive population
WNV is in which virus family?
Flaviviridae
What is the biological vector for WNV?
Mosquitos (Culex)
What species is the reservoir host?
Some species of wild birds
What type of infection is seen in some birds with WNV?
-infection but no dz
-infection, dz, survive
-infection, dz, die
Geographically, in the US, WNV spread in which direction?
East to West
How does tranmission of WNV to humans occur?
Mosquito bite 99.9999%

-transfusion/transplants
-mother to child
-lab acquired human infection
Why are humans a dead end host?
Never become viremic enough to infect a mosquito

exceptions to dead end host: transfusions, transplants, in-utero, breast milk
Which species is thought to pass WNV onto mosquitos?
Wild birds....corvids
What is the mortality rate of WNV in horses?
33%
Horse that survive WNV has a 40% of having what side effects?
Gait and behavioral abnormalities
What type of disease does WNV cause in humans?
Severe neurologic dz (encephalitis, meningitis)
Which human population is more at risk for WNV?
Over 50, immunocompromised people
What is WNV fever?
Systemic infection without neurologic dz (affects up 20% of those infected)
How is WNV Dx in horses and humans?
IgM capture ELISA test
detects IgM response elicited by recent infection with WNV
What is the Tx for WNV in humans and horses?
Supportive cae
How can WNV infection be prevented?
Avoid mosquito bites
Is there a WNV vaccine for humans?
Horses?
Humans: No

Horses: yes, but clinical dz is not fully prevented
What does STE stand for?
Transmissable Spongiform Encephalitis
What are some TSE's?
-bovine spongiform encephalitis
-scrapie (sheep)
-chronic wasting dz (elk, deer)
-CJD, nvCJD - humans
Which TSE has evidence of being a human pathogen?
BSE
What is a PrP?
Prion protein
Where is PrP found?
in normal cells (host-encoded surface protein)
What is the abbreviation ofr a normal cellular PrP?
PrPc
Where is there a high concentration of PrPc?
Lymporeticular and nervous tissue
How is the biochemically changed PrP that accumulates in disease denoted?
PrP tse
True or False. cooking food does not destroy PrPtse
True
What can cause a change from PrP c to PrP tse?
-can happen spontaneously or be induced by other PrP tse molecules
Do the PrP tse of BSE, scrapi and Classis CJD differ?
Yes
What is the difference in the PrPtse of BSE and nvCJD?
No difference
What is the outcome of infection with a TSE?
Always fatal
What neurologic changes are seen with TSE?
PrPtse accumulation in brain and spinal cord with subsequent neurodegeneration
What route is thought to be the only route of TSE infection?
Oral
How is scrapie transmitted sheep to sheep?
Horizontally, through contact with placental fluid and tissues, and contaminated lambing pens
True or False. BSE cannt be transmitted by feed.
False- can be transmitted by contaminated feed
Is the route of transmission of CWD known?
No
New data shows that CWD both blood and saliva contain the infectious prions. What does this mean in terms of transmission?
Could be transmitted by blood sucking insects or contact among animals
What is the gold standard test for testing og BSE?
Bio rad ELISA- of brain stem tissue
Is there a Dx test for BSE in live cattle?
No
BSE prions are found mainly in the CNS. In what other tissues have the prions been found?
Tonsils and distal ileum- small intestine from cattle now removed and not allowed into human food
SRM= specified risk material
How has BSE been transmitted among cattle?
Only by contaminated feed (containing ruminant proteins)
BSE is associated with what human dz?
nv Creutzfeldt-Jackob Dz
What type of dz is CJD?
Rare fatal dementia affecting persons 60-65 y/o
How is nvCJD different than CJD?
-affects persons 20-40 y/o
-prominent psychiatric or sensory abnormalities
-course of illness 14 months
What makes some people susceptible to nv CJD?
Homozygous for methionine
What epidemiological evidence is there to support a relationship between BSE and nvCJD?
nvCJD emerged at a time appropriate for transmission via ingestion of BSE agent in beef
What surveillance is done in the US for BSE?
-ante mortem inspection- for CNS signs
-random but targeted testing
-testing all cattle brains submitted for rabies testing
What changes has the FDA made to help contain BSE?
-ban feeding of certain mammalian protein to ruminants
-prohibit SRMs in human food, supplements and cosmetics
-ban on feeding poultry litter to ruminants
Chronic Wasting Disease affects which species?
-deer
-elk
-moose
What is the suspected transmission route of CWD?
Saliva and feces....more like scrapie
What is SARS?
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
SARS started in animals with what type of virus?
Corona virus- common in group housed animals
Name some other Corona viruses.
-FIP
-feline enteric coronavirus
-enetric coronavirus of cattle, horse & dog
-common cold in humans
What are some of the known hostr for SASRS cv? (but not likely the reervoir)
-chinese ferret badger
-masked palm civets
-raccoon dogs
-ferrets etc
-domestic cats
Which species is most likely the reservoir host of SARS cv?
bats (horseshoe bat in china)
Bats are also the reservoir for what other emerging zoonotic agents?
-ebola
-nipha and hendra virus
-variants of rabies
-SARS-like cv