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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Of what does the bony thorax consist?
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Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum
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With what cavities is the bony thorax associated?
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Whole thoracic cavity (2 pleura cavities) & intrathoracic part of abdomen
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What makes up a rib?
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Bony part & costal cartilage
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What is the name of the space between two adjacent ribs?
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Intercostal space (ICS)
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List the three ways costal cartilage can terminate?
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Connect to sternum, or costal arch, or end free
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What part of the rib end articulates with contiguous thoracic vertebrae?
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Head of the rib
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With what does the tuberacle of a rib articulate?
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Transverse process of the same numbered vertebrae
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What do the costal cartilages of the last sternal and all asternal ribs form?
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Costal arch
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What are the unpaired bones making the floor of the bony thorax?
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Sternebrae
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What are the 1st and last sternebrae?
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Manubrium, xiphoid
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What is the caudal projection of the last sternebra?
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Xiphoid process
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What caps the xiphoid process?
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Xiphoid cartilage
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How is inspiration accomplished?
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Incr size of thorax + Decr pressure= air rushes in
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How do inspiratory muscles affect the thorax?
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Increase the size of the thorax
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How do expiratory muscles effect the thorax?
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Decrease the size of the thorax
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What is the main respiratory muscle?
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Diaphragm
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Name the 2 muscles extending between adjacent ribs?
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External and Internal intercostal muscles
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What is the opening into the thorax?
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Thoracic inlet
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What palpable structure is formed by the costal cartilages of the false ribs?
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Coastal arch
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What divides the thorax into two spaces?
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Mediastinum
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Where is the heart located in the thoracic cavity?
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(2nd) 3td to (5th) 6th intercostal space in the bottom 2/3rd of the cavity
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What covers the trachea in the cranial neck?
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Only strap muscles
(sternohyoideus & sternothyroideus muscles) |
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What are the "C" shaped hyaline cartilage rings called?
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Tracheal cartilages
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What part of the trachea splits into right and left primary brochi?
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Tracheal bifurcation
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List the lobes of the dog's lungs.
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Right: cranial (cranial and caudal parts) and caudal
Left: Cranial, Middle, Caudal, and Accessory |
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What brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium?
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Pulmonary veins
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What artery supplies the tissue of the lung?
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Bronchoesophageal artery
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What separate the lobes of the lungs?
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Interlobar fissures
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What thin walled sacs of the bronchial tree are for gas exchange?
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Alveoli
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What do radiologists call the pulmonary trunk?
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MPA (Main pulmonary artery)
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What is the mediastinum?
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Space or Wall between the serosal layers of the two pleural cavities
(Pasquini likes wall) |
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The mediastinum divides the ______ _______ into right and left halves.
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thoracic cavity
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Name the fiberoserous sac enclosing the heart.
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Pericardium
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What is the potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium?
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Pericardial cavity
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What is located in the pericardial cavity?
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"scant amount" of serous fluid only
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Name the 3 layers of the heart.
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endocardium, pericardium, epicardium
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What vessels travel toward the heart?
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Veins
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What vessels travel away from the heart?
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Arteries
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Which side of the heart receives blood from the body?
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Right side (right atrium)- pulmonary side
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The left side of the heart is part of what circulation and why?
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Systemic circulation, pumps blood to the body
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The right atrium receives blood primarily through which 2 veins?
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Cranial and caudal vena cavae
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What side of the heart is the right ventricle on? Left ventricle?
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Right: cranial (right and left sides)
Left: caudal |
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What is the vestigal, fetal connection from the pumplonary trunk to the aorta?
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Ligamentum arteriosum
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What is the adult remnant of the fetal foramen ovale?
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Fossa ovale
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What separates the atria?
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Interatrial septum
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What thin cords anchor the AV valve to the papillary muscles?
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Chordae tendineae
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Name the wall separating the 2 ventricles?
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Interventricular (IV) septum
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Which ventricle has a thinner wall and why?
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Right, less strength needed to reach lungs
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On which side of the heart is the opening into the right ventricle? The exit?
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Into: right side
Out: left side (wrps around the cranial side) |
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What are the valves of the heart?
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Right and left atrioventricular (AV)
Aortic and pulmonic valves (semilunar valves) |
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What abnormal sounds are caused by blood flow turbulence in the heart?
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Murmurs
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What are the 3 parts of the conduction system of the heart?
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Sinoatrial node (SA)
Artioventricular node (AV) artioventricular bundle branches |
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What is the term for ventricular contraction?
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Ventricular systole
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What is ventricular diastole?
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When the ventricles relax and fill with blood
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What do the 1st and 2nd hearts sounds sound like and roughly represent?
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1st ("lub"): closure of the AV valve (systole)
2nd ("dub"): closure of semilunar valve (diastole) |
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How is the esophagus normally related to the arch of the aorta?
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To the right of the arch of aorta
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What arteries travel up the neck to supply the head and face?
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Common carotid arteries
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What vessels and nerves travel in the intercostal spaces caudal to the ribs?
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Intercostal artery, vein, and nerves
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What huge vein passes superficially in the neck?
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External jugular vein
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What vein returns blood from the head, neck, thoracic limb and cranial part of the thoracic walls to the atrium?
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Cranial vena cava
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What returns blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and pelvic limb?
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Caudal vena cava
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During fetal development, the ______ supplies the fetus with its oxygen and nutrients and eliminates waste products.
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placenta
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What three fetal structures bypass the lungs and liver?
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Ductus arteriosus, ductus venosus, foramen ovale
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What are the two fetal bypasses away from the lung circulation?
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Foramen ovale & ductus arteriosus
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In the fetus, what two organs are relatively nonfunctional, therefore needing just enough blood to nourish their developing tissue?
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Lung & liver
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What allows most of the blood to bypass the liver?
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Ductus venosus
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From where to the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale shunt blood?
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From pulmonic to systemic circulation
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What is the adult remnant of the following structures:
Ductus arteriosus? |
Ligamentum arteriosum
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What is the adult remnant of the following structures:
Foramen ovale? |
Ovale fossa
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What is the adult remnant of the following structures:
Umbilical arteries? |
Round ligaments of urinary bladder
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What is the adult remnant of the following structures:
Umbilical vein? |
Round ligament of liver
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What glandular structure is in the cranial mediastinum of the young?
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Thymus
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What is the large lymphatic channel draining the caudal animal?
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Thoracic duct
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What lymph nodes are near the bifurcation of the trachea?
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Tracheobronchial lymph nodes
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What is the lymphatic structures in the cranial mediastinum?
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Cranial mediastinal lymph node
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What is the large nerve crossing the heart to the diaphragm?
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Phrenic Nerve
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What nerves supply the intercostal muscles and a lot of the thoracic wall?
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Intercostal nerves
(ventral branches of the thoracic nerve) |
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How does the ANS work?
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Without conscious effort
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What structures does the ANS regulate?
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Smooth and cardiac muscles & glands
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Autonomic functions are mainly set up by _______ _______.
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Reflex archs: visceral sensory & motor nerves
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What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
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Parasympathetic & sympathetic division
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What are the functions of the two divisions of the ANS?
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Parasympathetic: rest and digest
Sympathetic: flight or fight |
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What is the "flight or fight" division of the ANS?
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Sympathetic
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The visceral effectors of the ANS usually have a _______ innervation.
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dual
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The actions of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions usually have _______ effects on their visceral effectors.
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opposite
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How does the ANS differ structurally from the somatic nervous system?
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Two motor (efferent) fibers instead of one
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What is the pad near the carpus?
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Carpal pad
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What pad is over the metacarpophalangeal joints?
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Metacarpal Pad
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What happens if there is premature closure of the distal ulnar physis?
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Cr. curvature of radius and subluxation of elbow
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Can the distal physes of the forearm normally be palpated in young carnivores?
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Yes, considerably enlarged, palpated proximal to carpus (flex carpus)
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What 2 methods of declawing ensures removal of the ungual crest?
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remove all to P3, or all but base of P3
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Why do some veterinarians leave the base of P3 in declawing?
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Preserve insertion of DDF & Digital Pad
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Why do some surgeons remove all of P3 in declawing?
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To prevent sequestrum
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When is it best to remove dewclaws in dogs?
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In neonate (newborn)
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Briefly describe how a dewclaw is removed in a neonate?
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Prep, cut, dewclaw from metatarsal bones, single absorbable suture
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Briefly describe a dewclaw removal in older dogs?
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Prep, Anesthetic, elliptical excision, ligate metatarsal & dorsal proper digital aa, disarticulate P1 from Mt1 if attached, if not just remove, suture
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With what does the shoulder joint communicate in the canine?
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Intertubercular (bicipital) bursa
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Are luxations of the shoulder common in dogs?
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No
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What prevents luxation of the shoulder?
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Thickening of joint capsule (glenohumeral ligaments) & adjacent muscles
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How are ruptures of the collateral ligament of the elbow diagnosed?
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By the amount of supination or pronation allowed, compared to the unaffected arm
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How are facial planes used in surgery?
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Used as cleavage planes to reach deep structures relatively free of blood
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At what level is it easier to amputate the forelimb and why?
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Scapular removal is faster & easier than shoulder disarticulation
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Why is leaving the scapula when amputating the forelimb cosmetically unacceptable in short haired breeds?
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Atrophy - unsightly bony prominences
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What muscles must be transected to remove the entire forelimb including the scapula?
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All the extrinsic muscle of the forelimb
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What is a tenotomy?
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Transecting a tendon
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Where and when can the olecranon bursa be palpated?
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At the termination of the long head of the triceps when affected
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Why is the extra jugular vein, which passes superficially up the neck, hard to perform venipuncture into?
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Moves freely
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What is the cylindrical tube extending from the larynx to the lungs?
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trachea
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Where is the trachea most superficial?
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Cranial neck
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What are the C shaped hyaline cartilage rings called?
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tracheal cartilages
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Where do the primary bronchus, vessels and nerves enter the lungs?
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At the hilus of the lungs
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Where does the costal and diaphragmatic surfaces of the lungs meet?
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Basal border of the lungs
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What arterial structure to the lungs arises from the right ventricle?
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Pulmonary trunk
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What arises from the pulmonary trunk to bring blood to the lungs?
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Pulmonary Arteries
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What type of blood is carried by the pulmonary arteries
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Unoxygenated (aa. travel away from the heart)
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What is the opening between the lobes of the lung where the surgeon's pericardium comes in contact with the thoracic wall?
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Cardiac Notch
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