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289 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Generally, how long does the mare cycle last, in the non-pregnant mare?
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18-21 days
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Diestrus is also called what phase?
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Luteal phase, life of CL
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Which part of the cycle can vary seasonally?
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Estrus
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Does the mare cycle shorten or lengthen as days grow longer?
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Shorten
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The estrus phase of the mare cycle is also called what phase?
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Follicular pahse
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Estrus of the mare cycle typically lasts for how many days?
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4-7days
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How is estrus define?
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Mare standing in heat
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Seasonal variation in the mare cycle is usually due to variation of which phase of the cycle?
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Estrus
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In which months does estrus grow shorter?
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June/July
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What is the length of diestrus?
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14-15 days
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What effect does increasing levels of P4 have on the mare cycle?
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Stops showing signs of estrus
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How many follicular waves does a mare have during a cycle?
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One
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if a mare does have 2 follicular waves, which follicle will ovulate?
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The dominant follicle from the first wave will ovulate during diestrus
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When does ovulation occur in the mare?
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1-2 days before the end of estrus
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What happens to LH levels at ovulation?
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Continues to rise, peaks later
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What are the normal size of ovulation follicles in the mare?
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30-70mm in diameter
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What is the incidence of double ovulation? And in which breeds is it seen more often?
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16%
Thoroughbred, Warmblood, draft horses |
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When does the luteal phase begin in the mare cycle?
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With the formation of the corpus hemorrhagicum
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How much prostaglandin is needed to affect the CH?
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none...refractory to PG at this point
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The lifespan of the CL is controlled by the release of what drug? From where?
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Controlled by PGF2a released from the endometrium
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In the absence of pregnancy, PGF 2a reaches the ovaries by what route?
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Released into general circulation, reaches ovaries by systemic route
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What effect does PGF2a have on P4 levels?
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Drops within 40 hours
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what would cause normal luteolysis to fail?
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-pregnancy
-Uterine disorders -acute endometritis -manipulation of uterine lumen causes luteolysis -persistent luteal function (prolonged diestrus) |
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Changes in the length of days are perceived where in the horse? And transmitted to where?
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Received by the retina, transmitted to the pineal gland
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What drug does the pineal gland secrete?
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melatonin
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Melatonin is believed to affect seasonality by affecting what hormone?
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GnRH
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What affect does melatonin have on GnRH
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Inhibitory in releasing GnRH from the hypothalamus
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What affect does increased day length have on melatonin?
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Decreases its secretion
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True or False. Horses are considered to be long day breeders?
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True
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As days get longer, why is the estrus period shorter?
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Ovulation occurs earlier in estrus
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What time of year is peak fertility for horses?
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Summer solstice
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When is the transitional period?
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Autumnal equinox
Vernal equinox |
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When is the period of anestrus for 85% of mares in the Northern Hemisphere?
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Winter solstace
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What are the signs of the spring transition?
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-erratic signs of estrus behavior
-often prolonged estrus -follicles growing & regressing, difficult to predict which will ovulate |
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Breeding during transitional may require insemination how often?
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Every other day for many weeks
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What artificial method is used to try to hasten the onset of regular estrus cycles?
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Artificial lighting
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When does artificial lighting have the best effect?
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When light is exposure is split with half given at morning half at evening
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How long does it take for a lighting program to take affect?
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8-10 weeks
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Why would you expose an early foaling mare to artificial lighting?
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To prevent anestrus
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Stallions are also seasonal, at what time of year do they stop producing semen/
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They don't
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What is a maiden mare?
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A mare that has never been bred or never conceived
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What age are maiden mares?
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Any age
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What is the cause of an old maiden mare?
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-endometrial changes that interfere with pregnancy (from repeated pregnancies)
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What is a foaling mare?
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Mare that foaled during the current breeding season
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What is a barren mare?
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Bred the previous season but did not foal
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What are some of the reasons for a barren mare?
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-breeding management
-previous foal born too late -fault of stallion -pathological condition |
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Many horse breeding operations want to advance the breeding season to be when?
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February
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What combination of drugs have been used to advance the breeding season?
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P4
Altrenogest P&E Treatments |
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The theory of this Tx is that it acts as an artificial luteal phase which does what?
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Stored LH in the pituitary with a surge of gonadotrophins after steroid withdrawal; theory has been disproved
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How quickly does ovulation occur after administration of hCG?
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48 hours
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Administering hCG during the late transition period could place mares into which phase of the cycle?
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May return to anestrus after ovulation
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Is Deslorelin used to advance the cyclce?
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yes, but requires multiple tx
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Does GnRH bring anestrus mares into heat?
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Has been attempted but requires many injections or a pulsatile delivery method
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hCG is given to induce ovulation when a follicle is what size?
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Greater than 35mm
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When does ovulation occur after administration?
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36-48 hours
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What type of drug is Delorelin?
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Synthetic GnRH
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Deslorelin implant (ovuplant) is left in place for how long?
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After 2 days of after ovulation
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What is used instead of the deslorelin implant?
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BioRelease Deslorelin injection
eliminates need to remove implant |
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Prostaglandin causes luteolysis in a CL that is at least how old?
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6 days post ovulation
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True or False.
An injection of PG given more than 9 days post ovulation does not significantly shorten the interovulatory interval. |
True
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What PG injection protocol does cause most mares to ovulate?
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2 injections, 14 days apart
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After the 2 injections of PG, what is the average time to ovulation?
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7.2 days
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Under what other condition would you give PG to a mare?
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At the end of progestagen tx, for luteolysis of CL that persists or from ovulation that occur during tx to suppress estrus
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How is progesterone (Regumate) used to delay estrus and synchronize timing of breeding?
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Give 14-15 days
estrus 4-7 days after stopping tx ovulation 7-12 days after last tx |
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What other, non-standard protocol, has been used for synchronization?
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Progesterone & estradiol
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When days foal heat occur?
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10 days post foaling
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Why is there pressure to breed as soon after foaling as possible?
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In order for the next foal to be born at the same time of year as the current foal
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When is foal heat breeding most successful?
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When there in no uterine involution and no uterine fluids
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Why do some foaling mares not express estrus?
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Possibly due to the distraction of the foal
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What effects are seen when giving Deslorelin during foal heat?
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Causes ovulation within 48 hours, normal pregnancy rates when breeding takes place on the day of tx
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What is the normal gestation length of the mare?
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335-332 days
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What is the fate of foals born before 320 days?
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-premature, nonviable
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Foaling before 300 days is considered to be what?
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Abortion
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Are longer normal gestational periods seen?
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yes, >360 days at times
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What effect in gestation length is seen in winter and spring foalings?
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5-10 days longer
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What sex is carried longer, males or females?
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males, 3 days
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Mature twins are unusual, but do they tend to be born early or late?
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6 days early
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What effect does Fescue w/ Acremonium have on gestation time?
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Increases by 2 weeks to 20 days
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What does the term premature mean in horse breeding?
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Underdeveloped foal born early
(300-320 days, not fully mature) |
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What does the term dysmature mean in horse breeding?
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Foal born at normal gestational length, but immature and undersized
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What is the signal for maternal recognition of pregnancy?
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Fetal-endometrial contact
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How is the embryonic vesicle moved from one end of the uterus to the other?
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Uterine contractions
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What happens if the embryo cannot migrate throughout the uterus?
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Pregnancy fails
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In early pregnancy,14-15 days after ovulation, PGF 2a is released from where?
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Not released
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What is embryo fixation?
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By day 16, the embryo stops moving and becomes fixed in place at the base of one horn
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What causes fetal fixation?
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Is NOT fetal-maternal attachment but caused by the enlargement of the embryonic vesicle and tone of uterus
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By day 150 of pregnancy, there is full placental attachment in the form of what structures?
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Microplacentomes
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Grossly, the mare is considered to have what type of placentation?
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Diffuse
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At the interface between the placenta and cervix, there is no attachment, this area is called the what?
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Cervical star
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What are endometrial cups?
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Pale, irregular (round, horseshoe) outgrowths on the uterine luminal surface
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When do endometrial cups form?
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Day 25: embryo forms chorionic girdle (band)
Day 38: girdle cells invade uterine epithelium |
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What chemical is secreted by the endometrial cups?
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eCG
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Levels of eCG peak on what days?
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55-65
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What is the role of eCG believed to be?
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Assist is the formation of supplementary CL's
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Secondary Cls ovulate during which days of pregnancy?
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40-70 days
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Luteinization of the secondary follicles at days 40-150 is called what?
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Accessory CL's
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What are the supplementary CL's?
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The secondary + the accessory CLs
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eCG also increases the secretion of P4 from what structure?
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Primary CL, may be necessary to maintain the primary Cl to 120 days
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If the pregnancy is lost, or the mare aborts, after 36-40 days, when will estrus return?
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Not until the endometrial cups regress
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True or False. With forced estrus (multiple PGF inections) the follicle will usually ovulate?
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False
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Why do some believe that the lack of formation of supplementary CL's may cause abortion between 70-150 days?
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Lack of inadequate P$ support before fetoplacental unit develops
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Progestins of fetoplacental origin (5 alpha-pregnanes) is appears in circulation at what time of the gestation?
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30-60 days
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At what time during gestation does the fetoplacental unit take over support of the pregnancy?
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100 days
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Through palpation by rectum, the fluid bulge of the pregnat uterus is how big at day:
25-30? 35-40? 45-50? 60-65? |
25-30: hen's eggs, golf balls
35-40: tennis balls 45-50: grapefruit/soft ball 60-65: cantaloupe |
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How early is the embryonic vesicle detectable by US?
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9-10 days
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The embryo can be seen by US at what time?
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20-21 days
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What is the heartbeat detectable by US?
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24-26 days
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US determination of sex can be what at what time?
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60-70 days
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eCg can be detected during which days of pregnancy?
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40-120
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A false negative result for prenancy is common in a mare carrying what type of fetus?
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Mule
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What happens to the concentration of estrogen in the blood and urine between days 60-100?
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Exceeds that of estrus
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When does estrogen peak?
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180-240 days
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Estrogen level is considered a viable pregnancy test from which day forward?
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80 days until term
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Estrogen becomes conjugated with what, that is then excreted in urine?
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Sulfates
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Which estrogen, unique to the mare, are present in the urin after 4 months?
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-equilin
-equilinin -ring Beta saturated estrogen |
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Estroen are also present in which body products?
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Feces, milk
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What changes are seen in the mammary glands, esp during the least 2 weeks of pregnancy?
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-gland growth
-filling of teats -udder becomes engorged last few days -wax on teat ends last 1-4 days -milk my leak from teats |
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Mammary gland fluid changes from thin yellow to what color?
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Milky
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What color is colostrum as it forms?
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yellow-orange
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What 2 electrolytes of prefolaing milk increase in the last 2-4 days of pregnancy?
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Calcium, magnesium
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Using the Predict-A-Foal test kit, the lowest concentration of Ca and Mg means what, in terms of partuition?
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Less than 1% chance of foaling in next 12 hrs
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Using the Predict-A-Foal test kit, the highest concentration of Ca and Mg means what, in terms of partuition?
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80% chance of foaling in the next 12 ours
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The Foal Watch test kit, tests for what?
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Calcium carbonate
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What is the prediction for foaling if the calcium carbonate level is 300-500 ppm?
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Foaling soon
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What other methods of foal monitoring are available?
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Mechanical/electronic
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When might you induce foaling?
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-high risk pregnancy
-research -convenience -teaching |
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Before inducing foaling, what 2 considerations must be made?
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-gestation should be 335+ days
-udder development and colostrum present |
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Giving oxytocin to induce foaling should have what type of result?
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Delivery in 15-90 minutes
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Which type of prostaglandins are more predictable when inducing foaling?
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Analogs (Fluprostenol..not in USA)
-believes by some to only induce when fetus is mature |
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What does red bag occur?
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During partuition
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What is red bag?
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Chorion separates from the uterus and a red, velvety surface appears at the vuvla rather than the white amnion
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What step s do you follow when red bag occurs?
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-cut chorion, allow amniotic fluid to escape
-deliver foal w/o having to remove chorion with it |
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What is a potential complication with red bag?
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Fetal hypoxia/anoxia
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What are the causes of premature placental separation (red bag) at mid-gestation?
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-death of a twin
-abortion |
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What are the causes of premature placental separation (red bag) at partuition?
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-placental edema from late gestational stress
-placental edema from fescue/edophyte |
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Fescue Toxicity can cause what partuition complications?
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-aglactia
-prolonged gestation -dystocia -premature placental separation-hypoxia -neonatal death/dysmaturity/dummy foals -embryonic losses first 30 days |
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When does ingestion of the fescue/endophytic toxin cause problems?
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Last 45 days of gestation
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How is Fescue toxicity treated?
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with Domperidone
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Normally, fetal membranes are expelled in what timeframe?
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1/2 to 3 hrs
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If the membranes are not expelled within 3 hours, they are considered retained. How often does this occur?
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2-10%
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What is the definition of partial retained placenta?
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Major portion expelled with torn piece left in uterus
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Partial retained placenta is more likely to occur in which uterine horn?
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The non-gravid horn
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What factors contribute to the condition of retained placenta?
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-dystocia
-uterine trauma/myometrial exhaustion -placentitis -fetomaternal endocrine dysfunction |
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The speculation of fetomaternal endocrine dysfunction includes what 2 theories?
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-inadequate release of oxytocin
-inadequate response of myometrium to oxytocin |
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Retained placenta can lead to infectious conditions such as metritis, septicemia/toxemia and what else?
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-laminitis
-also causes delayed uterine involution |
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What treatments are available for retained placenta?
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-oxytocin
-distention of chorioallantoic cavity w/warm saline -system/local antibiotics -uterine lavage |
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How would you treat or prevent the associated laminitis?
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-COX inhibitor (flunixin)
-is a medical emergency |
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What rare, pot-parturient emergency, is caused by tenesmus, vaginal trauma, uterine atony?
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Uterine prolapse
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How do you treat uterine prolapse?
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-control straining
-lift uterus to restore circulation -repair tears/remove placenta/ligate bleeders -replace and fill with warm saline -oxytocin to stimuate contractions -prevent pneumovagina- suture vulva |
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What condition is suspected when a postpartum mare had mild colic that is unresponsive to analgesics?
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Invagination of a uterine horn
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How is the invagination of a uterine horn treated?
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-return uterine horn to normal position
-may require manual removal of placenta -may require partial removal of placenta to reduce weight -manual reduction -infusion of warm water/saline |
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When does uterine rupture occur?
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2nd stage of labor
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What are the causes of rupture?
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-dystocia
-manipulation |
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If undiagnosed, uterine rupture can lead to what conditions?
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-signs of colic
-depression -febrile -blood loss -peritonitis |
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How is uterine rupture diagnosed?
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Palpation by rectume
Abdominocentesis |
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What is the treatment for uterine rupture?
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Laparotomy, surgical repair
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Post partuient internal hemorrhage is a result of a rupture of which vessel(s)?
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Uterine artery or utero-ovarian artery
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When does this hemorrhage occur?
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-bleeding within the broad ligament
-ride side more common than left |
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In which age of mares does hemorrhage occur?
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> 10 years
(ext. iliac artery rupture occurs less often) |
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What are the signs of internal hemorrhage?
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-sever colic
-sweating -shock -(may not show sings) |
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How is hemorrhage treated?
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-control activity and excitement
-analgesics -corticosteroids for shock -blood transfusion |
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As a result of uterine hemorrhage, what might be found on subsequent prebreeding exams?
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Hematomas in the broad ligament
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Why are twin pregnancies undesirable in mares?
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Major cause of pregnancy loss
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Twins account for what percentage of births?
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2%
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Twin pregnancy abortions tend to occur during which months of gestation?
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6-8 months (anytime after 4 months)
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What is the fate of twins that are born alive?
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-often associated with dystocia
-have a low survival rate and/or require intensive care |
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After double ovulation, given a 50% chance of conception, what are the chances that neither embryo becomes fertilized?
1 embryo? Both embryos?(twins) |
no embryo= 25%
1 embryo = 50% both (twins) = 25% |
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Natural reduction of twins to a singleton can occur if both embryos are located where?
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In the same horn
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The majority of twin elimination by natural reduction occurs by what time in the gestation period?
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40 days
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If twins are seen at 14-18 days, what 2 choices does a vet have?
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-wait to see if one is lost
-eliminate one by pinching |
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If twins are bilateral, the success in eliminating one while maintaining the other is good is done before which day of pregnancy?
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25 days
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What technique can be used to visualize twins earlier?
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US
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If twins are still present at 32 days, what 2 choices are available?
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-abort both before endometrial cups form
-let them go and see if one is lost next month |
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If this is the last breeding of the year, twins can be watched to see what happens until what day?
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60 days
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What 2 other methods can be used to eliminate one twin?
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-aspirate fluid from 1 fetal sac
-intrafluid/intracardiac injection of KCl |
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What are some of the organisms that cause ascending placentitis?
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-strep
-e. coli -pseudomonas -klebsiella -aspergillus -mucor -candida (rare) |
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What is typical of the conformation of mares that acquire ascending infections?
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-poor perineal conformation
-small cervical tears -also assoc. with colic sx |
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What are the signs of impending abortion in the mare?
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-vaginal discharge
-bagging up of the udder -perineal relaxation -US evidence |
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What drugs are used to tx impending abortion/premature partuiation?
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-Progestagens (Altrenogest-regumate)
-antibiotics (Trimethroprim) -Isoxsuprine (prevent contractions) |
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Toward the end of pregnancy, a bloody vulvular discharge is indicative of what?
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-may not necessarily mean the mare has placentitis
-in older marees, can be due to vaginal varicosity |
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How often should vaginal exams of the pregnant be performed?
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Should always be avoided unless in active labor
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What are hydrops or hydroptic conditions?
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Excessive fluid accumulation usually within the allantoic or amniotic cavities
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What is the typical presentation of a mare with hydrops allantois?
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Dramatic abdominal enlargement within a 2 week period
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What physical signs might the mare display?
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-difficulty moving, lying down, getting up
-dyspnea -increased heart rate -ventral edema |
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Transrectal palpation might reveal what features related to hydrallantois?
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-enl;arged uterus with dorsal wall protruding over the level of the pubis
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What is the fate of these pregnancies?
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Usually abort spontaneously
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Why would you choose to terminate a pregnancy with hydrops?
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-if not terminated, might result in ruptures or the abdominal wall or prepubic tendon due to increased strain
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What is the procedure for terminating hydrops pregnancy?
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-fluid and corticosteroids given
-perineal area scrubbed, cervix dilated -fluid drained from the uterus -fetus delivered (may need oxytocin) |
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Hydrops is suspected to be a hereditary problem, what is suggested for the next breeding season?
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Breed the mare to a different stallion
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True or false. Hydramnion is even more rare than hydrallantois.
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True
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In other species, the cause of hydramnion is assumed to result from what?
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Fetal anomalies that prevent recirculation of amniotic fluid
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What is the fluid volume of hydramnion compared to hydrallantois?
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Less volume
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What was the cause of the Mare reproductive Loss Syndrome that occurred in 2001 in KY?
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Ingestion of Eastern Tent Caterpillars
(possibly hairs on setae migrate to the uterus) |
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What is the most common cause of infectious abortion in the last half of gestation in the mare?
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Rhinopneumonitis (EHV-1)
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EHV-1 usually causes abortion when, in the gestation time?
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9 months (as early as 5-6)
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EHV-1 also causes what disease conditions in the mare?
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-respiratory dz
-neonatal mortality -nuerologic dz |
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What does EHS-2 cause?
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respiratory dz in foals
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What cause equine exanthema (venereal herpes)?
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EHV-3
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What other virus causes sporadic abortion and respiratory dz?
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EHV-4
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How is EHV-1 transmitted?
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Inhalation/contact with infected secretions
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How does EHV-1 cause abortion?
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-initial virus replication in respiratory tract followed by viremia
-invasion of endometrium causes placental separation of the chorioallantois -fetal anoxia/fetal death |
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What can cause recrudescence of a herpes infection?
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Stress
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EHV-1 abortion can affect up to what percentage of pregnant mares on a farm?
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90%
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Lesions of EHV-1 are not always present in the fetus but can include what?
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-icterus, subcu edema, petechiae, hydrothroax, hydropertoneum, pulmonary edema
-gray foci in liver, adrenals, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes |
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What microscopic lesion of EHV-1 infection might be seen in the fetus?
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viral eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions in necrotic foci of organs
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How is EHV-1 diagnosed in the mare?
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Serology- paired smaples submitted 2-4 weeks apart (3-4fold increase req for confirmation)
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Viral identification is made from what samples of infected mares or fetuses?
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Nasal swabs of mares
Fetal tissues immunofluorescence or PCR (gross path and histopath |
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What vaccine protocol for prevention of EHV is suggested?
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Vaccinate all pregnant mares at 5,7 and 9 months of gestation using MLV
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What other prevention practices should be followed?
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-pregnant mares kept in stress free enviro
-isolate from incoming horses if not a closed herd |
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Equine viral ateritis is caused by what virus?
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Arterivirus of Togaviridae
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In which breeds is EVA endemic?
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Standardbreds, warmbloods
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Which sex carries the virus?
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Stallion, in the semen
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When do EVA abortions occur?
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When a mare is bred to an infected stallion and virus is shed infecting other horses
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How is EVA transmitted?
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Inhalation or venereally
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The EHV virus has tropism for what type of cells?
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Endothelial (causing edema and hemorrhage)
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In pregnant mares, the virus spreads to the uterus causing what conditions?
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-necrotizing myometritis -placental detachment
-fetal death |
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When is abortion from EVA most common?
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2nd half or pregnancy
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What method is used to Dx EVA?
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Serology....paired like EHV-1
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Which lesion might be seen in the fetus?
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-necrotizing vasculitis
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How is EVA controlled?
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Vaccine with MLV
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What is the protocol if a stallion tests positive on serology prior to vaccination?
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-test for shedding status
-status disclosed to owner of mare -shedding stallions vaccinated, then retested |
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What step should be taken if a mare is to be bred to a shedding stallion?
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-Mare should be tested for antibodies against EVA
-isolate for 21 days after breeding to pos. stallion |
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Which serovar of Leptospira is the host adapted type?
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Bratislava
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In North America what are the most common non-host adapted serovars of lepto that cause abortion in horses?
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Kenneciki, grippotyphosa, hardjo
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When are the clinical signs of abortion seen with leptospira?
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rarely seen
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When are lepto abortion outbreaks more common?
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Nov-Dec
(wet conditions, contamination from wild animals) |
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What time of gestation does lepto abortion occur?
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> 6 months
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What samples are used to Dx lepto?
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Sero or maternal serum or fetal fluids, maybe isolated from urine
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Which type of vaccine is used to protect against Lepto?
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No vaccine available
infected mares tx with antibiotics |
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What organism is the cause of Contagious Equine Metritis?
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Taylorella equigenitalis
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Why isn't CEM routinely picked up on cultures?
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Grows microaerophilically..needs 5% CO2
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Where does the organism persist in the stallion?
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On, not in, the repro tract...urethral fossa, associated sinuses
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What are the signs of CEM infection in the mare?
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-purulent vulva discharge 48h -14 days of service by an infected stallion
-severe endometrial inflammation -short cycles -conception failure |
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What are the reporting regulations for CEM in the USA?
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-must be reported immediately on dx to state and or federal authorities
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Control of CEM in the mare includes removal of what part of the repro tract?
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Clitoral sinus
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Equine infectious anemia may cause abortion in mares. What is the test for EIA?
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Coggins
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What organism causes the disease Doruine?
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Trypanosoma equiperdum
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Coital exanthema (EVH-3) causes what type of lesions?
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Vesicles and ulcers in vulva and penis
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Where on the anatomy of the horse is S. zooepidemicus found?
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External genitalis
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On a bx sample of the endometrium, if there is no inflammation, then there is no...what?
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Edometritis
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What is the histo appearance of endometritis
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-neutrophils
-lympocytes -eosinophils in tissue or lumen |
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With aging of the uterus, what condition is probably associated with embryonic death?
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Fibrosis
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What are lymphatic lacunae?
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Dilation of the lymphatic ducts
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What is the name of the grading system for endometrial bx results and the chance of pregnancy in the mare?
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Kenney grading system
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Categry I- normal gives the mare what chance of becoming pregnant?
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80%
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Which abnormal category is treatbale..IIa or IIb?
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IIa- inflammation
(iib is fibrosis- irreversible) |
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Category III gives the mare what chance or pregnancy?
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10%
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Why are barren infertile mares unable to resist bacterial endometritis?
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-unable to clear Strep Zoo
-have a prolonged inflammatory rxn -baggy thickened uterus |
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Physical clearance of contamination for the uterus (delay in uterine clearance) is caused by what factors?
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-delay in myometrial activity
-bad angles between vulva, cervix, uterus -repeated contamination -uterine lymphatic draining impaired -endometrial vasculature degeneration |
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Post mating inflammation is normal, mares clear the inflammation in 24-36 hrs. What happens in mares that can't?
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-accumulate inflammatory products
-products injurious to tissues -chr inflammation-->fibrosis -poor enviro for embryo |
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How do you Dx endometritis in the mare?
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-Hx
-poor perinela conformation -mare accumulates fluid after mating -vaginal speculum exam -uterine cytology, culture, bx |
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What is the TX for endometritis?
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-remove intrauterine fluids after breeding
(lavage, oxytocin, cloprostenol) -antibiotics (intraut abi controversial) |
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What is the definition of pyometra?
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An accumulation of large quantities of inflammatory exudates in the uterine lumen causing distention
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True or False. Pyometra in the mare is always associated with the presence of a CL?
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False (in the cow it is)
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How is pyomtera Dx?
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-rectal palpation
-US -analysis of fluid |
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What is the Tx for pyometra?
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-luteolysis
-lavage of uterine lumen -antibiotics -nonresponsive cases Tx by hysterectomy |
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What is the most common tumor of the ovary on the mare?
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Granulosa cell tumor
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What is seen in the Hx of a mare with a GCT?
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-unusual, stallion like behavior
-anestrus -constant estrus |
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What is the appearance of the contralateral ovary?
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Atrophy
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What is the US appearance of a GCT?
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Honeycomb
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GCT lab results show what changes?
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-high testosterone
-inhibin elevated -P4 low |
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What is the Tx for GCT?
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Sx ovariectomy
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What other, rare, ovarian tumors can occur?
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-teratoma
-arrhenoblastoma -serous cystadenoma |
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An ovarian hematoma may form where?
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In an ovulatory follicle
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What is Turner's syndrom?
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63,XO chromosome abnormality causing infertility
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What other congenital abnormalities can cause infertility?
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-ovarian hypoplasia
-testicular feminization |
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What are the components of a stallion breeding soundness exam?
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-Hx
-PE -test for viral disease -Semen colection/eval -Eval of libido, mating ability |
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How is Total spermatozoa is calculated?
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Volume x concentration
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Sperm evaluation also includes what factors?
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-morphology
-motility |
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How many collections are made to evaluate a stallions sperm? How far apart?
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2-one hour apart
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The second ejaculate should have what % of sperm compared to the first?
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50-60%
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What are the 3 types of AV designs used in AI breeding of horses?
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-japan
-Missouri -Colorado |
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What is Daily Sperm Output
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Typical sperm output by a stallion- daily ejaculates for a week will bring the stallion to DSO levels
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What bacteria, of the stallion, are of interest to theriogenologists?
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-pseudomonas aeruginosa
-klebsiella pneumoniae |
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What are the culture sites of the stallion?
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-urethra pre and post ejaculate
-semen |
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Where are cultures taken for CEM in the stallion?
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-swab prepuce, urethral sinus, fossa glandis
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Sound stallions sound produce how many sperm in the second of 2 ejaculates collected?
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-one billion, morphologically normal, progressively motile
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Sperm motility should be at least what % progressive motile? And what % of normal morphology?
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50-60% progressively motile
50% normal morphology |
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A stallion is expected to breed a book of how many mares by natural service?
By AI? |
natural: 40
AI: 120 |
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A ranking of Satisfactory Prospective Breeder means that the stallion meets the criteria for ejaculates and what else?
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-normal testies in scrotum
-neg for infectious dz -no physical or mental deficiencies -no heritable defects |
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A stallion should be capable of what % of pregnancy rate?
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60%
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What is the course of action for a stallion listed as Questionable breeding prospect?
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Re-evaluate
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What is meant by an Unsatisfactory rating for a breeding stallion?
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Usually related to a condition that cannot be corrected
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An overpopulation of bacteria on the penis, such as klebsiellla and pseudomonas, is prevented by what?
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A mix of normal, non-pathogenic bacteria -do not repeatedly wash with antibacterial soap
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What lesions are seen with Equine coital exanthema (EHV-3)?
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Blisters on penis and prepuce, similar lesions on vulva of mare
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What is the course of this dz?
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-lesions may be painful
-can inhibit breeding -resolve in 2-4 weeks |
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Trypanosoma equiperdum (Dourine) causes what typesof lesions?
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-edematous swelling of external genitalia
-cutaneous plaques -emaciation -penile paralysis |
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How is Dourine Dx?
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-complement fixation
-isolation of trypanosomes (currently not in USA) |
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How is Dourine treated?
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possible but not practical, typically euthansia
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