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339 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define zoonotice disease
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Disease naturally transmitted between vertebrate animal and humans
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What is meant by reservoir of infection?
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Where the infectious organism normally lives and multiplies (animal, human, plant, arthropod, soil)
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Define the term source of infection
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Site from which the infectious agent is passed to a host
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What is the term for when a human pathogen is transmitted to an animal?
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Anthroponoses
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What are the roles of a veterinarian in zoonotic diseases?
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-research
-diagnostics -prevention and control |
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Why are most zoonotic diseases diagnosed in humans associated with domestic animals?
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Close contact
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A person who is HIV positive and is diagnosed with a zoonotic disease (cerebral toxoplasmosis, chronib cryptosporidiosis) is defined as having what disease?
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AIDS
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What is another reason for current interest in zoonotic diseases?
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Potential for bioterrorism
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Zoonotic diseases can be classified by agent type...such as what?
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-bacterial
-viral -protozoal -mycotic -nematodes -cestodes -arthropod infestation |
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What are some types of zoonotic bacteria?
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-E. coli
-plague -salmonella -Lyme dz -brucellosis |
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Compared to bacteria, do zoonotic viruses have a smaller or larger host range?
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Smaller, more restricted
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What are some examples of zoonotic viruses?
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-rabies
-hantavirus -herpes B virus -lymphocytic choriomenigitis virus -WNV -aborviruses -Ebola |
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Name 2 protozoal zoonotic diseases.
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-toxoplasmosis
-giardiasis -cryptosporidiosis |
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What is an example of a mycotic zoonotic disease?
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Dermatophytosis
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What is the reservoir for a sporotrichosis organism?
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-the environment
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Give an example of a spirochete.
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Sporothrix schenckii
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What 2 forms do spirochetes assume?
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-mold: in the environment
-yeast: in tissues |
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The environment is the reservoir for S. schenckii, but the organism cab go directly to humans from which species?
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Cat
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Is this an example of zoonosis?
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No, does not require a non-human vertebrate for life cycle
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Name some of the hosts of S. schenckii
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-humans
-cats -dogs -horses -others |
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How does the fungus enter the body?
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Through scratches or cuts in the skin
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Although other animals can develop sporotrichosis, direct transmission to humans is almost always from which species?
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Cat
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What type of disease does sporotrichosis cause in humans?
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Nodular, ulcerative pyogranulomatous dermatitis
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What lesions does sporotrichosis cause in cats?
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Nodular, ulcerative pyogranulomatous dermatitis
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Diagnosis of sporotrichosis in cats is made from what type of sample?
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Cytology on exudates from draining lesions
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What is the tx of choice for sporotrichosis in cats and humans?
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Itraconazone
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What should you educate clients on in regards to sporotrichosis and cats?
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Inform them of the potential transmission of the organism from cat lesions to humans
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Which ringworm species has human reservoir?
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Trichophyton (human to human transmission)
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Most animal derived human cases of ringworm are from which species?
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-cats
-cows -dogs |
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Give an example of a nematode zoonotic agent.
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Trichinosis
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Cestodes cause what type of zoonotic disease?
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Tape worms
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Give an example of a zoonotic disease caused by an arthropod.
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Scabies (mites)
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Are most cases of scabies in humans zoonotic?
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No- most caused by Sarcoptes scabeii and not and animal Sarcoptes scabeii
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Which species of mites live on the keratin layer of skin?
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Cheyletiella
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Zoonotic diseases can also be classified by their reservoir host. Cats are the reservoir for what diseases?
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-tocoplamsosis
-sporotrichosis (source not reservoir) -ringworm -rabies |
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Which zoonotic disease are dogs the reservoir for?
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Rabies
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Cows can be the reservoir host for which zoonotic diseases?
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-Taeniasis
-Bovine tuberculosis (M. bovis) -Brucellosis (B. abortus) -E. coli |
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Pigs can be the reservoirs for which zoonotic diseases?
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-trichinosis
-breucellosis (B. suis) -cysticercosis -Strp suis |
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Why don't horses pass on arboviruses?
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Horses don't become viremic enough to pass the virus into uninfected mosquitos
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In the single host maintenance cycle, how can the infectious agent be transmitted to a susceptible host?
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-close contact
-vehicle (food, water) -mechanical vector (excludes biological vectors) |
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Give an example of a 1 vertebrate host maintenance cycle.
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-rabies
-M. bovis -psittacoses |
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Which organism was pasteurization of milk based on?
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Mycobacterium bovis
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Today, the pasteurization process is based on which organism?
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Coxiella bunetti
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Which organism is the cause of human to human transmission of tuberculosis?
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M. tuberculosis
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Which organism is the cause if Johne's disease in cattle?
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M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis
(may contribute to Crohn's dz in humans) |
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The term tuberculosis us restricted to disease in animal and humans caused by which organisms?
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M. tuberculosis
M. bovis M. avium |
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How is M. bovis maintained in humans?
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Cattle to cattle
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What species in the UK has become a self-maintained host for Mycobacterium?
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Badgers
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What are the types of transmission of M bovis that can occur with humans?
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-inhalation
-ingestion of raw milk/milk products -BCg vaccine (infection has occure din persons with AIDS) |
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True or False. Human to human transmission of M bovis by inhalation is very rare.
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True
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What is the reservoir for M avium?
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-environment
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M tuberculosis is maintained in which species?
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Human
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In cattles, where are the primary lesions of M bovis infection found?
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-respiratory system
-digestive tract -skin -uterus (typical lesions are granulomas) |
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M bovis in humans is clinically indistinguishable for what other dz?
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M tuberculosis
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Skin testing of live animals is a method for testing for the disease or exposure?
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Exposure
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When is M bovis testing done on cattle?
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For sale or movement
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What procedure is used to confirm a positive skin test?
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Culture, performed at NVSL
(also do PCR) |
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An acid fast stain of M bovis will show what?
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Intracellular mycobacteria
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What is the tx for cattle that are confirmed positive for M bovis?
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-slaughter
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Which 2 states do not have M bovis free status?
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-CA
-MN |
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To perform the initial skin test for M bovis, what is required of you as a vet?
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To be accredited
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Where is the skin test performed on cattle, bison and sheep?
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Caudal fold
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Where is the skin test performed on camelida? Cervids?
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Camelids: axillary skin
Cervids: single cervical region |
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If the initial M bovis skin test is positive whom do you report it too?
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State or APHIS
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What is a CCT?
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Comparative Cervical Test- conducted by fed/state vets on cattle positive to the skin test
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Animals that test positive on the initial skin test are termed what?
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Responders
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What is the term for animals that test positive on the CCT?
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Reactors
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What happens if a true reactor is identified?
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The herd is quarantined
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Can TB reactors be sent to slaughter?
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Yes- only to USDA designated facilities
-animals w/ no lesions can be made into cooked meat -with lesions, condemned |
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Give an example of a cestode species that has a 2 vertebrate host.
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-Taenia solium (pig)
-T. saginata (cattle) |
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What are the larval stages called for these cestodes?
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cysticercus bovis
cysticercus cellulosae |
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Which species is the definitive host for these cestodes?
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Humans
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What are the intermediate hosts?
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-Taenia solium (pig)
-T. saginata (cattle) |
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What is the transmission route/entry for humans?
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Ingestion of undercooked beef or pork containing the larval stage
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By what other route can humans acquire the larval or helminth stages of T solium?
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Fecal-oral, ingestion of food or water contaminated with human feces containing T solium eggs
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How do the cow and pig acquire Taenia?
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Ingest food contaminated with human feces containing tapeworm eggs
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What is measly beef?
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Beef with cysticerci in tissues that must be trimmed
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Taeniasis is rarely clinical. When do most people notice symptoms?
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After seeing proglottids in feces
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What is the cause of human cysticercosis?
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Ingestion of the larval stage of T solium ( not T saginata)
Most concerned with the ones lodged in the cns and eye |
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When is taeniasis dx in animals?
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Post mortem at slaughter
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How is human cysticercosis dx?
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CT, MRI, increased protein in CNS, eosinophilia
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How is human taeniasis tx?
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Niclosamide
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How is human cysticercosis tx?
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Sx, chemotx
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Give an example of a zoonotic agent maintained by an invertebrate biological vector.
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-WNV, VEE, WEE, Yellow fever
-Plaque, Q fever, Lyme -RMSF -Ehrlichia -Dipylidiasis |
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What is the agent that causes RMSF?
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Rickettsia ricketesii
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What is the invertebrate vector of RMSF?
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ixodes ticks
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What other host is needed?
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Small wild mammals- usually rodents
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Why aren't dogs and humans involved in the maintenance cycle of RMSF?
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Highly unlikely to transmit the organism to uninfected ticks
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What is the route of transmission to humans?
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Tick bite
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What type of symptoms does RMSF cause?
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Flu-like symptoms, rash between day 3-6, fever
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How is the dz characterized in the majority of wild life?
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Unapparent
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How is RMSF confirmed in humans?
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Serology or by isolating the agent from blood during the 1st week of fever
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What is the Tx for RMSF in humans and dogs?
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-tetracycline
-chloramphenicol (not in humans any longer) -doxycylcine |
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What are some of the non-animal sites required to maintain certain organsims?
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-food
-soil -plants |
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Infectious agents such as Histoplasma capsulatum do not require a vertebrate host but cna infect animals. What are these types of infections classified as?
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Shared, not zoonotic
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What are some other examples of organisms that require an environmental stage?
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-toxocara canis (visceral larva migrans in humans)
-clostidrium botulinim -Coccidioides immitis |
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Which is the most important nematode that causes visceral larva migrans?
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Toxocara canis
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A dog can maintain the cycle of T canis but the eggs must develop where?
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In the environment
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What is the route or transmission/entry of T canis into humans?
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Ingestion of infective larval stage found in the environment.
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What do the larvae do in the human?
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Migrate for the intestine to different organs and tissues, preoducing abscesses and eosinophilic granulomas
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How is T canis/cati dx in the dog or cat?
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Detection of parasite eggs in feces
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How is dx made in humans?
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Difficult- may be leukocytosis, eosinophilia, hepatomegaly
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How are dogs/cats tx?
Humans? |
Dog/Cat: deworm
Humans: supportive care |
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What is the cause of cutaneous larval migrans in humans?
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Larvae of dog and cat hookworms
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Coccidioides immitis is what type of infective organsim?
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Dimoprhic fungus, soil saprophyte
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What are some of the hosts of Coccidioides immitis?
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-cattle
-sheep -horse -swine -goat -dog -llama -human |
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How is Coccidioides immitis transmitted?
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Inhalation
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What type of symptoms does Coccidioidomycocis cause in humans?
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Respiratory similar to influenza
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How is coccidioidomycosis dx?
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Direct microscopic examination
Histopath Culture Skintest |
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What type of organism is brucella?
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Non-encapsulated, non-motile, non-spore-forming, gram negative, aerobic, intracellular pathogen
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How many species are there of brucella and how many affect humans?
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7 species
5 affect humans |
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Which brucella species is not zoonotic?
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B ovis
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Brucella is maintained in what type of population?
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A single vertebrate animal population
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Brucella is listed as what type of bioterrorisim agent?
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Category B
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What are the reservoirs for B abortus?
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-cattle
-bison -elk |
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What does B abortus cause in these species?
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-abortion
orchitis |
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Are horses and dogs reservoirs for B abortus?
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No
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What is the cause of human infection with B abortus in most areas of the world?
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Ingestion of raw milk from infected animals
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In the US, where does the risk of B abortus infection come from?
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Occupational workers involved with infected animals
-abattoir workers -farmers -vets |
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What vaccine is used today for B abortus in cattle?
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RB 51 (replaces strain 19)
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What are the benefits of RB 51 over strain 19
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-less virulent for the cattle
-can tell vaccinated cattle from infecte cattle |
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Where does B suis affect pigs?
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Focal granulomas & lesions can localize in bones and joints. CAn infect the non-pregnant uterus causing endometritis and infertility
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Human exposure to B suis is associated with what?
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Occupational exposure
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Which species of Brucella infects goats sheep and camels (and cattle)
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B melitensis
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True or False. B melitensis is the only Brucella species in US herds.
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False, none in the US
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Why is B melitensis important to understand for human health care?
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Most pathogenic strain for humans
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What affects can B canis have in dogs?
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Abortion and orchitis
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Can humans get B canis from their infected dog?
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Risk is low-reported cases are from lab exposure from culturing the organism
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B ovis is primarly a dz of what animal?
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Rams (orchitis)
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What is the form of Brucella found in marine mammals?
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B maris
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What is the route of transmission/entry of B abortus/melitensis?
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-she di high numbers in the uterine fluids and placenta at time of abortion or partuition (also shed in urine, feces, semen and milk)
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What is the common route of infection for animal to animal?
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Contact with infected placenta, fetal fluids or milk
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What is the common route of infection for humans?
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Ingestion of unpasteurized milk/milk products
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Respiratory/inhalational exposure of humans to Brucella is primarily seen where?
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High risk occupational groups
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Entry via the conjunctiva is by which strains of Brucella?
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Field and vaccine in humans
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How can skin become infected?
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By field strain contacting abraded skin
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Which species of Brucella have venereal transmission?
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B suis/canis
B abortus via AI in cattle |
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Which route of transmission/entry is important in the animal to animal transmission of Brucella?
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In-utero, can result in abortion
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When have human to human transmissions of Brucella been seen?
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When associated with blood or bone marrow transplants
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Brucella causes what dz in humans?
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Undulant fever
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In humans, what 3 species of Brucells are the most severe?
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B melitensis, suis, abortus (in descending order
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Where does the name undulant fever come from?
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Fever peaks in the afternoon, chills, night sweats, flu like dz
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What are the probable sites of dz localization in chronic cases?
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bones
joints endocardium |
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What is erythritol?
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A carbohydrate found in the testes, accessory sex glands, gravid uterus and placenta
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What is the importance of erythritol?
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B abortus grows to large numbers in the presence of erythritol
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In species is erythritol not found in the uterus?
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Human uterus
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When do cattle produce erythritol?
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5 months of gestation
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In humans, is Brucellosis reportable?
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Yes, must be cultured for dx
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Which infected species can be treated?
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Horses, dogs
not cattle, bison, swine, elk |
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What is the tx for Burcellosis infected humans?
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6 week course of doxycylcine and rifampin
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RB51 is resistant to which antibiotic?
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Rifampin
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What is the signalment of cattle that get vaccinated?
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Females, under 1 year of age
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What is the policy for cattle that test positive (reactors)?
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Sent to slaughter, animals exposed to test-postivie animals are quarantined
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What are test eligible animals?
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Adults, intact males and females
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What is OCV?
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Official calfhood vaccinate
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What is a BRT?
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Brucellosis Ring Test performed twice a year on a herd, from pooled milk
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What % of intact cows and buuls 2 yrs or older are sampled at slaughter?
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95%
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Which portion of the reactor cow and bull are condemned at slaughter?
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Cow: udder
Bull: testicles |
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Rabies is in which family of virus?
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Rhabdoviridae
genus: Lyssavirus |
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What is meant by "street" and "fixed" rabies?
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Street: field isolates
Fixed: laboratory adapted strains |
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What terrestrial rabies?
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Rabies viral variant maintained in a terrestrial species
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What is an example of non-terrestrial rabies species?
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Bats
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How was enzootic canine rabies eliminated from the US in 1950?
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vaccination program
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in the 1990s a variant of canine rabies was found in TX in which species?
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Coyote
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The increase in incidents of terrestrial rabies in the US is due to which species?
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Raccoon and Skunk
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Viral variants have been compartmentalized by what 2 factors?
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-geographic region
-mammalian species reservoir |
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What are the 3 geographic regions of the US for rabies?
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-Northen CA
-North central states -South central states |
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Which species carries a rabies variant in the arctic?
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Fox
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What is spillover?
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Transmission of infection from one reservoir species to another animal species (ie raccoon rabies to skunk)
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Cases of rabies in domestic and wild animals are associated with which variant?
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The variant particular to the terrestrial animal in the area
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What was the cause of the spread of raccoon rabies from the southeast up along that atlantic seaboard?
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Illegal transportation of infected raccoons
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Why do raccoons presnet a higher risk of exposure to humans than skunks or foxes?
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Co-exist with humans and pets
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Rabies in foxes is most likely do to spillover from which species?
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Raccoons
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Foxes are the terrestrial reservoir...where?
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Europe
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What program has reduced the incidence of rabies in coyotes in TX?
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Oral vaccine
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Which species is the carries rabies in Grenada?
|
Mongoose
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Why isn't rabies diagnosed often in rodents and lagomorphs?
|
Don't survive long enough
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In which 2 states does bat rabies not occur?
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Alaska and Hawaii
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Bats accounted for what % of rabies cases in animals in 2000?
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16%
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Are bats asymptomatic carries of rabies?
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No, signs include dehydration, anorexia, restlessness, disorientation, paralysis and increased sensitivity to light, sound, touch
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True or False, bats are the main cause of rabies in humans in the US?
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True
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Has a bat rabies variant ever been maintained in a terrestrial species?
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Yes, Big Brown Bat rabies in fox and skunk
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How much money does the US spend annually on the Federal and State bat rabies control plans?
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None- no program yet
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True or False, a bite is always related to a case of bat rabies in a human?
|
False, bit wound not always evident
|
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Can a human get rabies from inhaling air while spelunking?
|
Yes, but rare
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Where are rabid vampire bats found?
|
In the Americas only
|
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How are some countries attempting to control wildlife rabies?
|
Aerial dropping of bait with vaccine
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In the US, which domestic species has exceeded the number of rabies cases than any other domestic animal species?
|
Cat
|
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Why are there fewer cases of dog rabies than cat rabies?
|
-vaccine program for dogs
-cats wander at night |
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Humans cases of rabies were more likely to occur from which species....dog or cat?
|
Cat
|
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What is the length of time from onset of clinical signs to death seen in cats?
|
3 days
|
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True or False, rabies is not usually a differential diagnosis for pets seen by a vet.
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True
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Most cattle are in areas where rabies is carried by which species?
|
Skunk
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Worldwide, how many people die of rabies each year?
|
50,000
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Worldwide, these people were exposed to rabies from which species?
|
Dogs
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What is the primary route of transmission of rabies to humans?
|
Cutaneous/Bites
|
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What is the incubation period?
|
The time between exposure (bite) to onset of clinical signs
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The incubation period is extremely variable and forms the basis for what?
|
The 6 month strict isolation of dogs, cats, livestock exposed to a known or suspected rabid animal)
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True or False..When considering the incubation period, no human exposure in involved, just the animal that has been exposed.
|
True
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How long is the maximum incubation time for rabies in wild animals?
|
Unknown
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What does the rabies Compendium state about any animal bitten or scratched by a wild carnivorous mammal or bat that is not available for testing...
|
Regard them as having rabies
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How should unvaccinated dogs, cats and ferrets, exposed to rabies, be handled?
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Euthanized
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If the owner refuses, then how is the situation handled?
|
Strict isolation for 6 months with vaccination upon entry or 1 month prior to release
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How should vaccinated dogs, cats and ferrets, exposed to rabies, be handled?
|
Revaccinate immediately, keep under owner's control and observed for 45 days
|
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How do you handle an animal with expired vaccination status?
|
Case by case basis
|
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What is the procedure for vaccinated livestock that have been exposed to rabies?
|
Revaccinate, observe for 45 days
Unvaccinated should be slaughtered if owner unwilling, close observation for 6 months |
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If an exposed animal is slaughtered (at home) within how many days of being bitten, can its tissues be eaten?
|
Within 7 days (should not be used for human consumption)
Discard exposed part |
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Federal inspectors reject any animal for human consumption that has been EXPOSED to rabies in what time frame?
|
Past 8 months
|
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True or False. Milk from a rabid animal is safe for animal consumption
|
False
|
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Is there a rabies vaccine for a wolf-dog hybrid?
|
No
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In dogs , cats and ferrets, how long before clinical signs does the rabies virus shed in the saliva?
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10-13 days (in most cases only 1-3 days can it be detected)
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If a healthy dog, cat, ferret (vaccinate dor not) bites a human how long is the observation period for the animal?
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10 days
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What is the procedure if the animal develops rabies signs during that time?
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Euthanize, send brain for testing
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What are the choices of action if a stray or unwanted dog, cat , ferret bites a person?
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Can be euthanized and brain submitted for testing or observed for 10 days
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What is the role of the DVM in rabies control?
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-encourage vaccs
-cooperate with State Public Health -determine health status of exposed or biting domestic animals -assist with what consitutes an exposure -give public correct info |
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Rabies exposures are under what 2 broad categories?
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Bite
Non bite |
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What defines a bite exposure?
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Any penetration of the skin by teeth
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What situations constitute the largest incidences of non-bite exposure to rabies?
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Aerosolized and surgicla recipients of corneas, solid organs and visceral tissue tranplants from patients who died of rabies
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Does contact with the blood, urine or feces of a rabid animal constitute exposure?
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No
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Why are bat exposures considered differently?
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May not realize there had been a bite
Bite may not be detectable Any direct contact between a human and bite should be conisdered an exposure |
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Has human to human rabies transmission occured through bites?
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Yes, but rare
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Human to human rabies transmission is typically through what?
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Transplants
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How is rabies diagnosed in animals?
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Postmortem FA on fresh brain
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What antemortem test can be used?
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There is no reliable antemortem test
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What do you expect to see on histopath in the case of rabies?
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Negri bodies
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When is serology testing for human exposure reliable?
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Only if the person has never been vaccinated
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When does the earliest titer appear in a human?
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6 days (could be dead by day 6)
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How can the virus be detected in humans?
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Culture or mouse innoculation from saliva, throat swab
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What is the most likely antemortem test to show positive results early in clinical disease in humans?
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Skin bx and dectection of virus AG in nerves by IFA
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Is post exposure prophalaxis of unvaccinated animals or tx of clinical dz in animals done?
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No, (TX does allow post exp vacc of unvacc dogs and cats)
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In the study by Cho, did vaccination decrease incubation time of prevent the disease?
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No
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Who decides whether or not a person receives PEP?
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Person at risk or exposed
MD Public Health dept parents |
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What types of tabes vaccs for humans are available?
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Human Diploid Cell vaccine (HDCV)
Purified Chick Embryo Cell Vaccine (PCEC) Immunogloubulin: Human Rabies Immune Globulin (HRIG) |
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Pre exposure prophylaxis includes injections on what days?
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0,7,21 (or 28)
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If a healthy dog bites a person and the dog is available for obseervation, does the person start prophylaxis?
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No, unless clinical signs are seen in the animal
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If a rabid dog or suspected rabid dog bites a human, does the person begin prophylaxis?
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Yes immediately vaccinate them
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What is the policy on prophylaxis if a human is bitten by a wild animal?
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consider immediate vaccination of the person
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What shoudl you do if livestock are bitten by a susoected rabid animal?
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Consider individually
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A person with a bite from a potential rabid animal should be treated how? 9assuming no previous immunization)
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-cleanse the wound (povidine-iodine)
-full dose of RIG infiltrated around wound, any remaining given IM at a site different from the vaccine -give vaccine days 0,3,7,14 |
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How often is the HRIG given?
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Only once, to previously unvacc persons, never in the same syringe or site as the vaccine
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How long after the exposure to rabies can HRIG be given
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Up to 7 days
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If a person is exposed to rabies and has previous immunization, how is the tx handled
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-clean the wound
-do NOT give HRIG -vaccinate on day 0, 3 |
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The control of rabies in the US focuses on what 3 points?
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-vacc of domestic animals
-control of strays -wildlife vacc |
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Are the majority of animal bites reported?
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No (36X more bites than reports)
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What is the agent that causes Q fever?
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Coxiella burnetti
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Why is Q fever on the list of bioterrorism agents?
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-aerosol transmission
-exist in the environment -low infectious rate for humans -easy to acquire |
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How does C burnetti differ for other rickettsiae?
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Can withstand the environment for extended periods
Does not cause cutaneous rashes in humans Can transmit without a vector |
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What are the 2 cycle of infection of C burnetti?
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-domestic animals
-wild animals (marsupials, rodents, lagomorphs) and ticks |
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Which animals are the main source of infection for humans?
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Domestic animals- sheep/goats
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From where does the C burnetti organism shed?
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Urine, feces, milk, placenta, amniotic fluid and fetal membranes
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What is the main route of infection for humans?
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Aerosol
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Which persons are most affected?
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Occupational exposurep abattoir workers, farmers, vets
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Can human become infected by oral ingestion?
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Yes of contaminated, unpasteurized milk
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The time and temp it takes to kill C burnetti is the basis for what process?
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Pasteurization
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Intrauterine infections of C burnetti causes what disease in sheep, goats, cattle, cats?
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Abortion
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Humans and domestic animals can become infected the sylvatic cycle by being bitten by what?
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An infected tick
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Are human to human transmission of C burnetti possible?
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yes but rare
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True or False...infections of C burnetti in animals is often subclinical.
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True
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In sheep and goats, does C burnetti always induce abortion?
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No, organism can shed in high numbers and not produce abortion
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In cattle, where does the C burnetti organism localize?
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In the mammary gland
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Is milk production or the fetus or newborn affected by the infection?
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No
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In which domestic species has abortion also been reported?
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cat
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What is the incubation of Q fever in humans?
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2 weeks to 1 month
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What are some of the symptoms seen in humans?
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-fever
-chills -profuse sweating -anorexia -myalgia -nausea/vomiting -severe retro ocular pain |
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In what age of humans is the dz seen?
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Over 40
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Chronic infection of C burnetti affects what system?
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CVS- enodcarditis
(hepatitis and osteomyelitis reported) |
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Is there a rick to the fetus with an infection of C burnetti?
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Have been some reported infections and abortions
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What type of lab is required to culture C burnetti?
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BL-3
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How is C burnetti dx?
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-serology- complement fixation, need to document rising titer
-antigen (immunohistochem) |
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How many organism need to be inhaled to infect 25-50% of those exposed?
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10 organisms
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What stain is used to help identify C. burnetti?
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Acid fast
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How is C burnetti dx in humans?
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-serology
-blood culture -IHC or EM of tissues from abortion or post mortem |
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How is the dx tx in humans?
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Tetracycline, rifampin
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What is the Tx in humans for chronic endocarditis?
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Long term abi ( 2 years)
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Is the tx of animals feasible?
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Most are sub clinical, but no
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Is a Q fever vacc available?
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Yes, given to those ins high risk occupations after neg sero and skin test
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Are there control programs in place for animals exposed to C burnetti?
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No
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What are the guideline for conducting research that involves sheep/goats?
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-baseline immune stats
-cull sero-pos animals -repeat every 6 mons cull non essential sero pos animals |
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In humans what type of immune response is most important when dealing with c burnetti?
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CMI
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Chlamydophila psittaci causes what disease in humans?
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Psittacosis
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In birds, what is this disease called?
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Avian chlamydiosis
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What antemortem test is done to dx avian chlamydiosis?
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Serology- for antibody
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Swabs from what area of the bird are submitted for testing?
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Choanal or chloacal swabs
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What antigen detection test is now done for avian chlamydiosis?
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Immunohistochemistry
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Is avian chlamydiosis a reportable disease?
Psittacosis in humans? |
Depends on state and situation
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Which human chlamydia species is an STD?
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Chlamydia trachomatis
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Which 3 species of chlamydia have been known to infect man?
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C psittaci
C abortus C felis |
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Chlamydia trachomatis is the number one preventable cause of what condition in humans?
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Blindness
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What is the transmission of Chlamydophila pneumonia?
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Human to human aerosol transmission
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The 3 zoonotic Chlamydophila agents can be maintined with a single vertebrate host such as...
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-birds
-sheep, goats, cattle -cat |
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Do Chlamydophila replicate outside of the host?
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No
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What type of birds account for 705 of human Chlamydophila psiitaci?
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Caged pet birds
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C abortus is most often associated with which species'?
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Sheep/goats
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Is C abortus infection common in humans?
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Yes but the disease is uncommon
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Chlamydophila felis is what type of agent in cats?
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Pneumonitis
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Chlamydophila felis casues what dz in humans?
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Conjunctivitis
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What is the route of transmission of
Chlamydophila psittaci? |
Airborne agent from dried feces or respiratory secretions of infected birds
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Does Chlamydophila psittaci cause human abortion?
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2 cases have been reported
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What is the route of transmission of Chlamydophila abortus?
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Aerosol
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What is the most common clinical sign of Chlamydophila dz in birds?
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Diarrhea
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Chlamydophila psittaci cuases what type of dz/symptoms in humans?
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Flu-like dz, atypical pneumonia
rarely encephalitis, endocarditis, myocarditis |
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Chlamydophila abortus can cause what condition in a pregnant human?
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abortion, flu
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How is Chlamydiosis dx in humans?
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Serology, 4 fold increase between onset and convalescence
-can also culture from sputum of blood taken during the febrile period -PCR to detect antigen |
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How is Chlamydiosis tx?
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Tetracylcine, antibiotic tx can supress antibody response in both humans and birds
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When is shedding of Chlamydophila psittaci the greatest?
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In young birds, and from stress
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How often does Chlamydophila abortus cause abortion in sheep/goats?
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usually only after the initial infection, rarely a second time
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Are there vaccines for Chlamydophila psittaci and abortus?
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No
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Is a there a vaccine for Chlamydophila felis?
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Yes- variable results
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How do you control the spread of Avian Chlamydiosis to humans?
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-isolate the suspected case
-inform people -wear protective clothing & respirator |
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How do you control the spread of Avian Chlamydiosis to other birds?
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-quarantine
-chemoprophylaxia -tretracyclines |
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What is the main focus of the APHIS policy on quarantine of imported birds?
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Protect the domestic poultry industry from exotic dx- primarily Newcastle dz
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How are imported birds tx during quarantine?
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Chlortetracycline in feed for the 30 day period, does not eliminate the infection but prevents shedding
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Why don't the current import regulations stop C psittaci birds from entering the country?
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-tx period not long enough
-birds may not ingest enough of CTC -stress of quarantine may increase shedding -no control measure after birds leave quarantine |
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Lyme dz was first seen in what type of patient?
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Junvenile rheumatoid arthritis pts
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What is the causative organism of Lyme dz?
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Borrelia burgdorferi
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Borrelia burgdorferi is what type of organism? Found where?
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Spirochete- in the midgut of ticks
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What other organisms are spirchetes?
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-leptospirosis
-treponema pallidum (syphilis) |
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Spriochete oraganisms can make antigenic changes in plasmids, this may be a feature that causes what dz?
|
Relapsing fever
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Lyme is a metazoonotic dz, which means what?
|
Has a biological vector involved in the maintenance cycle
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Which species of ticks are involved in the cycle for Lyme dz?
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Ixodes scapularis
Ixodes pacificus |
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is the tick the reservoir for the dz?
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No, the vector
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What other species is involved in the life cycle?
|
Rodent (deer mouse)
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Both immature stages of the tick feed on the same host...which host?
|
Deer mouse
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Do mice have an inflammatory response to the infection?
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No, can remain spirochetemic but show no inflammation
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Are deer involved in the life cycle of the spirochete?
|
No
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Lyme dz has not been shown to cause illness in wild animals. Does dz develop in domestic animals?
|
Yes
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What is the route of transmission of B burgdorferi to humans?
|
Bite of an infected tick, usually the nymph
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How long does the tick need to stay attached before transmission of the spirochete?
|
48 - 72 hours
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Does human transplacental transmission of the spirochete take place?
|
Yes but very rare
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How does the dz present in humans?
|
Flu-like dz
-erythema migrans 3-20 days after tick bite |
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What 3 human systems are usually affected?
|
-cutaneous
-nervous -msk |
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In which domestic animal species has Lyme dz been seen?
|
-dogs
-horses -cattle |
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What is the typical presentation of the dz n dogs?
|
Acute onset of lameness, fever, anorexia, lethargy, swollen joints
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True or False...Lyme dz is under diagnosed in vet med.
|
False, over dx
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How is Lyme dz dx in dogs?
|
-pos. serology
-clinical signs -r/o other causes -positive response to anitbiotic tx |
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What is the TX for humans?
|
EM tx with tetracycline/doxycyline
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What are the possible reasons for the increasing incidence of Lyme dz?
|
-increased recognition by MDs
-better reporting -misdiagnosed before as something else |
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Is there a vaccine for humans?
|
No, pulled from the market
|
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What is the best method of control of Lyme dz?
|
Avoid exposure to ticks
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