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240 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Midterm exam is cumulative and includes the info from quiz 1...first card set
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Midterm exam is cumulative and includes the info from quiz 1...first card set
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What is meant by the term spavin?
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Broad term used to describe hock lameness
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What is bone spavin?
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Osteoarthritis involving any of the 3 distal hock joints?
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What are the 4 joints of the hock?
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-tibiotarsal
-proximal intertarsal -distal intertarsal -tarsometatarsal |
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Which of the tarsal joints are commonly involved in bone spavin?
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-distal intertarsal
-tarsometatarsal |
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Midterm exam is cumulative and includes the info from quiz 1...first card set
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Midterm exam is cumulative and includes the info from quiz 1...first card set
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Bone spavin is a wear and tear condition that is a great problem for animals with what?
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Poor conformation...upright or sickle hocks
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Is bone spavin an acute condition?
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No, chronic, gradual onset
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Under what condition does the lameness of bone spavin increase?
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Increased work for several days
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Is bone spavin a bilateral dz?
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Yes, usually with 1 hock more involved
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What are the some of the behaviors caused by bone spavin?
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-poor jumping
-poor turning or refusing to turn sharply -bucking when asked to stress the hock -refusing to change leads |
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How does bone spavin affect the stride?
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-reduced flexion of the hock results in a shortened stride
-tendency to drag the toe and drive the toe into the ground |
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When is the lamness from bone spavin more noticeable?
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As the animal comes out of the stall...usually warms out of the lameness
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What changes to the movement of the horse are seen?
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Tend to move with the lame leg closer to midline
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What is the theory as to why the horse moves the lame leg to midline?
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To take the stress off the anterior medial aspect of the joint surface
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When performing an upper limb flexion test for bone sapvin, how used the horse be moved after flexion of the fetlock?
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Immediately in a trot
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If both read legs appear lame, which do you test first?
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The less lame leg- may become more balanced with a flexion test of the less lame leg
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Which joints might be blocked for the evaluation of bone spavin lameness?
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-tarso-metatarsal
-distal intertarsal |
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A reduction in lameness may be seen with the blocking of what nerve?
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Tibial & deep peroneal nerves
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Where is the tibial nerve located?
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Cranial to the SDF tendon on the medial side, 4" proximal to the tuber calcis
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Where is the peroneal nerve located?
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Between the long and lateral digital extensor muscles 4" proximal to the tuber calcis
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Where are radiographic changes seen with bone spavin?
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On the craniomedial aspect of the joint
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Are radiographs the method by which a definitive dx of bone spavin is made?
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No
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What can occur if animals with bone spavin are continued to be used?
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Will irritate the joints until DJD disease becomes so severe that ankylosis occurs and the animal becomes using sound
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What are the medical txs for bone spavin?
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-Nsaids
-intra-articular hyaluronate -glycosaminoglycans -intra-articular corticosteroids -some rest but not excessive |
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What additional tx might be tried to treat bone spavin?
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Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy
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What type of corrective shoeing changes might be beneficial for bone spavin?
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-square the toe
-lateral trailer of the shoe |
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Which sx procedure was performed in the past for bone spavin but is no longer considered beneficial?
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Cunean tenotomy
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What is the goal of surgical arthrodesis of the distal hock joints?
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Destroying cartlilage in the distal hock joints which then results in arthrodesis of the joint
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Which joints are best for arthrodesis?
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-tarso-metatarsal
-proximal intertarsal |
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Sx is performed on which side of the hock joint?
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medial
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What is the post op care for arthrodesis?
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-small pen exercise for 4 months
-may be improvement up to 1 year following sx |
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What are the possible complication of arthrodesis?
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-failure to return to soundness
-luxation of the tarsal bones (rare) |
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What is another method of causing arthrodesis?
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Injection of irrtitants into the joint cartilage
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When injecting an irritant into the joint, what method is used for guidance?
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radiographs
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What irrtitants are injected to cause arthrodesis?
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-monoiodoacetate
-70% ethyl alcohol |
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What is the prognosis of bone spavin
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-many animals can continue in use with analgesics
-distal joint may undergo ankylosis -arthrodesis will allow animal to be used |
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What is bog spavin?
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A synovial fluid distention of the tibio-tarsal joint
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What are the causes of bog spavin?
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-trauma
-osteochondrosis -unexplained (young fast growing animals, straight hocks) |
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What are the clinical signs of bog spavin?
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-many times the animal is not lame
-usually develops acutely -distended tibiotarsal joint (most obvious on anterior medial aspect and posterior medial and lateral) |
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Radiographs are used in the dx of bog spavin to rule out what other conditions?
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-osteochnodrosis
-articular fx |
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What other differential dxs must be made?
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-thoroughpin
-cytology to r/o joint infection |
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Bog spavin does not cause lameness, if there are no other problems what is the concern of the owner?
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Cosmetic importance
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How should you approach tx of a distended hock joint?
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Very aggressively
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What issue must you warn owner's about with regard to joint distention?
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A joint that has been distended for several days is difficulty to permanently reduce
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In the case of a swollen joint, what should be performed immediatley?
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-dx tests and treatment
-small chip fxs removes -osteochondritis curetted -tx joint infection aggressively |
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What other methods are used to reduce the tendency for the joint to be distended?
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Intra articular injections (Depomedrol, triamcinolone, betamethasone, depo progesterone, atropine, orgotein
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What type of bandage is important to apply for tx bog spavin?
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Pressure bandage
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what is the prognosis for bog spavin?
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-lameness not usually present , so tex reduced to a blemish
-some untreated animals will return to normal -if tx is not early or aggressive, joint swelling can persist |
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In what age of horse is tarsal bone necrosis and collapse seen?
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Neonatal foals-congenital
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What are the clinical signs of tarsal bone necrosis and collapse ?
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Swelling , pain and excess angularity of the hock
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What radiographic changes are seen with tarsal bone necrosis and collapse?
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Degeneration of the 3rd tarsal bone
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What tx can be tried on these cases?
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Tube casts to support the joints until they fuse
-usually don't respond |
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What is Curb?
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-desmitis of the plantar ligament on the plantar aspect of the hock
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What is the cause of curb?
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-trauma: excess kicking
-poor conformation: sickle or cow hocks |
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What are the clinical signs of curb?
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-firm swelling over the plantar aspect of the hock
-acute: lameness and pain on palpation |
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How is curb treated?
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-Nsaids
-topical DMSO -local corticosteroids |
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What is the prognosis for Curb?
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-usual for animal to return to athletic soundness
-common for the swelling to persist |
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What is the cause of ostechondritis dissecans of the tarsus?
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Unhealthy subchondral bone resulting in unhealthy cartilage
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Ostechondritis dissecans is associated with what potential causal factors?
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-nutritional excess
-rapid growth -trauma -copper deficient diets -high calcium diet -high phosphorus diets -zinc excess |
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What are the clinical signs of ostechondritis dissecans ?
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-distention of the tibio-tarsal joint
+/- lameness -usually not markedly lame |
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Radiographic signs of ostechondritis dissecans are seen in which areas of the tarsus?
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Descending frequency:
-cranial distal aspect of the intermediate ridge of the tibia (most common) -lateral trochlear ridge of the talus -medial trochlear ridge of the talus -medial and/or lat malleolus of the tibia |
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what is the management of a horse with osteochondritis and lameness?
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Arthroscopic sx to remve bone fragments and currette involved area
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What is the approach to tx if there is no lameness or effusion?
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-no sx
-sometimes preventive sx for performing animals |
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What is the prognosis for osteochondritis dessicans of the tarsus?
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Good for return to athletic soundness
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What is a capped hock?
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Swelling involving the subcutaneous bursa at the point of the hock.
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What is the usual cause of capped hock?
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A horse that is kicker
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What are the clinical signs of capped hock?
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-swelling involving the bursa at a point of the hock
-mild cases-swelling subsides in several days -chronic problems: thickening of the tissue with or without fluid accumulation |
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How do you tx acute cases of capped hock?
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-needle aspiration of accumulated fluid
-injections as in bog spavin -snug bandages |
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How do you tx chronic cases of capped hock?
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-draining and injection as in bog spavin
-do nothing and let the swelling persist |
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What is the tx fro capped hock where there is excessive fluid in the bursa?
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-penrose drain
-swab lining of bursa with caustic agent (tincture of iodine) |
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What sx tx can be used for capped hock?
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Sx removal of all inolved tissue and close under
-make the incision lateral to the extensor surface to avoid incision breakdown |
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How can motion to the affected area be limited?
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Apply a cast to prevent flexion of fetlock
(some flexion still possible due to reciprocal apparatus) |
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What is meant by luxation of the superficial flexor tendon.
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The superficial flexor tendon attachments to the tuber calcis are disrupted
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Trauma usually causes disruption of which tendon attachment/
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Medial
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Because of the initial swelling, luxation of the superficial flexor tendon can be confused with what other condition?
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Capped hock
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Does luxation of the superficial flexor tendon cause lameness?
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yes, significantly shortly after the condition occurs
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The luxation involves the tendon slipping off the tuber calcis in which direction?
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Usually laterally
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What surgical technique has been used for tx luxation of the superficial flexor tendon ?
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Implanting mesh and immobilizing for 30-60 days
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What is Thoroughpin?
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An idiopathic distention of the deep flexor tendon (tarsal sheath)
-synvovial effusion without inflammation |
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Thoroughpin is a result of what?
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Chronic low grade trauma
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what are the clinical signs of thoroughpin?
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-distention of the sheath of the deep flexor tendon
usually no lameness |
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How is thoroughpin tx?
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-if no lamenes, is considered a blemish
-removal of excess synovial fluid -pressure bandage |
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What is the prognosis of throughpin?
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The distention commonly persists
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How would you describe Stringhalt?
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An abnormal gate in which there are varying degress of hyperflexion of the rear limb
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There are 2 forms of Stringhalt, the Australian stringhalt is caused by what?
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Pastures with a marked number of dandelions
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What is the cause of Stringhalt in other parts of the world?
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No cause known, possibly a result of lower limb damage to the lateral extensor muscle or tendon
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Which nerves are affected with Australian Stringhalt?
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All longer nerves (recurrent laryngeal, peronel, tibial)
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Is Australian stringhalt usually unilater or bilateral?
Other places? |
Australian: bilateral
others: unilateral |
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What causes the marked hyperflexion of the rear limb in stringhalt?
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because of the reciprocal apparatus, all joints are flexed
can be mild or severe that the limb is hypeflexed with each step |
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When is the hyperflexion worse?
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-cold weather
-when the animal backs -when turning -after the horse has rested |
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What is the management for stringhalt in Australia?
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Removal from the dandelions
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How is stringhalt tx in other areas of the world?
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Sx- lateral digital extensor tenectomy
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During the tenectomy it is important to first divide the tendon at what location?
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Distally while still attached proximally
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At what gait is fibrotic and ossifying myopathy seen?
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Only at a walk
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What is the cause of fibrotic and ossifying myopathy ?
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Trauma and healing with fibrosis and/or ossification of the semimebranosus or semitendonosus or biceps femoris muscles
from kicks, trailer injury or secondary to drug injections |
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What is the clinical sign of fibrotic and ossifying myopathy ?
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A mechnical impairment in which the limb is pulled to the rear just prior to the foot hitting the ground (at a walk)
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Where can the fibrotic or ossified muscle be palpated?
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Caudal to the stifle
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What is the goal of a partial myectomy for treating fibrotic and ossifying myopathy ?
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-remove all fibrotic and ossified muscle
usually not recommended |
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Which sx technique is recommended?
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Transection of the insertion of the tendon of the semitendinosus muscle at the craniomedial aspect of the proximal tibia
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What is the post-op care after the transection procedure?
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Stall rest until sutures are removed in 10-14 days
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What are the theories as to the cause of osteochondtitis dissecans of the trochlear ridge of the femur?
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-nutrition
-rapid growth rate -genetic predisposition -trauma -cooper deficiency |
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What are the clinical signs of OCD of the femur?
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-apparent in young animals 6 months to 2 years old
-synovial effecusion of femoropatellar joint -slight to moderate lameness (decreased anterior phase of stride, increased lameness w/flexio test, akward gait w/ lateral rotation of stifle) -patellar luxation (rare) |
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What radiographic findings are seen with OCD?
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General irregularity or flattening of the trochlear ridge (lateral most common)
-joint mice |
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What is the conservative method to tx OCD?
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-rest- turn out to pasture
-restrict intake of concentrates -maintain correct mineral balance 40%-60% success |
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What is the sx approach to treating OCD?
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-recommended if an athletic career is anticipated
-use arthroscope to remove fragments and debride base of lesion |
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What is the prognosis for OCD?
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Good if just the lateral ridge is involved
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What are the suspected etiologies of subchondral cystic lesions of the medial femoral condyles?
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Same as for OCD
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What age group does subchondral cystic lesions of the medial femoral condyles affect?
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5 months to 5 years, usually first noticed when the horse is put to work
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What is the clinical sign of a subchondral cyst?
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Intermittent insidious gait abnormality
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When diagnosing a subchondral cyst, do articular injections of anesthetics improve the lameness?
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No, no change
upper leg flexion will increase the lameness |
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What radiographic view is best for demonstrating the cyst and how does it appear?
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-Pa view
-circumscribed subchondral lucency with surrounding sclerosis |
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What conservative tx is followed for OCD?
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-rest by turning out to pasture
-restrict intake of concentrates -balance mineral intake |
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What sx procedure is used for OCD?
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Curret the cytsic lesion via arthroscope
current technique is intra articular methyl prednisone (depomedrol) post op |
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What is the prognosis for OCD?
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-good if lesion is not severe
-poor if djd is present -soundness not dependent on radiographic evidence of cyst filling |
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What occurs in an upward fixation of the patella?
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The medial patellar ligament becomes fixed proximal to the medial condyle of the femur
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What is the causes of fixation of the patella?
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-possibly hereditary
-trauma associated with overextending the limb -poor conditioning and as a result muscle spasm |
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What are the clinical signs of complete upward patella fixation?
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-leg is in en extended position and cannot be flexed
seen more commonly in draft horses |
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What is the sign of momentary upward patella fixation?
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(more common)
slight hesitation in the gait just before the foot leaves the ground (hitching) -more pronounced at end of work session -some horses will move in a crouched position walking uphil |
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What techniques can be tried to tx an acute upward fixation?
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-back the horse up
-startle the horse so he jumps backwards -attach a sideline to the pastern, pull leg forward will forcing patella medial and distally |
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What is the tx for momentary upward fixation?
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Slowly increase exercise to condition and tone muscles
Inject pateller ligaments with a mild irritant |
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When should a medial patellar desmotomy be performed?
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First time sx
-only when convinced that the dx is upward fixation |
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What are the post op care for medial patellar desmotomy?
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-handwalk 2-3 days
-start back to light exercise at 5 days -bring back to previous level of work |
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What does Humburg recommend for post op care of medial pateller desmotomy?
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-condition the horse immediately following sx so that by time the ligament heals to surrounding tissue and forms function ligamentous unit the musculature will be properly conditioned and will not go into spasms and caused problems
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If the desmotomy is repeated how should it be performed?
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Under general anesthesia
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What is the clinical sign of a rupture of the peroneus muscle?
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-doesn't advance leg
-pull leg to rear -achille's will have a a lax S shape |
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What is the tx for rupture of the peroneus muscle?
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Stall rest for 2 months
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FOOD ANIMAL MUSCULOSKELETAL/SUGERY CONDITIONS
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FOOD ANIMAL MUSCULOSKELETAL/SUGERY CONDITIONS
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A lameness exam for a cow should take place in what environment?
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Solid bare ground
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Swelling of a cow's foot can indicate what?
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(observe distance between claws)
-symmetrical swelling most commonly due to foot rot -asymmetrical is an indication that deeper tissues are involved |
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Where do 90% of food animal lamenesses occur?
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The foot
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True or False...beef cattle have less lameness than dairy cattle.
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True
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70% of cattle lameness is associated with what condition?
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Infection
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How often are dairy cattle feet trimmed?
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1-2 times/year (dry off)
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Using the Ducth method of foot trimming, where do you start first?
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Rear, medial claw
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What is another name for Hairy Heel Warts?
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Mortellaro's Dz
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What organism is implicated as a cause of hairy heel warts?
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Spirochete
(animals in muddy holding areas) |
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What are the clinical signs of hairy heel warts?
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-lameness
-animals walk on toes -some hold an affected leg up and tremble |
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What is the appearance of a hairy heel wart?
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2-6 cm circumscribed lesion at the junction of the skin and horn at the heel midway between the claws
-raised hyperkeratotic skin with erect hair -lesions bleed and are painful |
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What is the tx for hairy heel warts?
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-parenteral abx
-topical abx -footbath |
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What is the cause of heel erosion (slurry heel)?
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exposure to excessive moisture (slurry) softens the horn and allows bacteria to affect the foot (soft horn at the bulb of the heels is weakened)
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What are the clinical signs of heel erosion?
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-lameness not always obvious
-commonly involves rear feet -varying degrees of erosion -advanced stage: could be increase in growth of lateral claw causing to to turn laterally -sole ulcer |
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How do you manage slurry heel?
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-reduce contact with slurry
-trim claws -formalin footbath |
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What is screw claw?
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Axial rotation of the claw and phalanx
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What is the cause of screw claw?
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heritable condition
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What are the clinical signs of screw claw?
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-axial rotation of the 3rd phalanx
-hoof wall roll under the sole and in severe cases the toe points upward -axia of the foot id rotated axially -lameness |
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Which claws are usually involved?
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-lateral claws of the rear
-medial claws of the front |
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At what age does screw claw develop?
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< 3 years unlikely >5 years
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How do you tx screw claw?
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-cannot be corrected
-trimming reduces severity -trim early -acrylic and be used to produce a wing on the side of the involved claw |
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What is a white line abscess?
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-Foreign material gains access to sensitive tissue at the junction of the wall and sole (white line)
-break in integrity of the white line, bacteria gain access to sensitive tissue |
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What happens if white line abscess is not treated?
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Purulent exudate develops and
-drains at the white line -drains at the coronary band -under runs the sole |
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What conditions cause white line abscess?
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-wet conditions weaken hoof
-trauma from rough uneven surface -housing which is uncomfortable for cows to lie down -facilities that require cows to turn quickly |
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Where is a white line abscess more commonly found?
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Lateral claw, rear limb
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How is a white line abscess managed?
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-ventral drainage and remove all sole that has been under run by exudate
+/- bandage -consider a block on sound claw |
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What are some causes of puncture wounds of the sole?
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-stones
-nails -glass |
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What are the clinical signs of puncture wounds?
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-marked foot pain
-usually results in abscess |
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How do you manage a puncture wound of the sole?
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-ventral drainage
-remove undermined sole +/- bandage |
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What is another term for sole ulcer?
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-pododermatitis circumscripta
-Rusterholtz ulcer |
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What are the causes of sole ulcer?
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-excessive weight bearing on sole
-subclinical laminitis -excessive mositure softens sole -excessive wear of softened sole -sole pressure causes ishcemic necrosis -poor claw trimming |
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What are the common site for sole ulcers?
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-lateral claw of rear
-medial claw of front -located in central area of sole towards the heel |
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What is the treatment for sole ulcer?
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-amputation of the granulation tissue at the level of the sole
-removal of under run sole -trimming of claw -apply block to unaffected claw -don't use bandages or caustics |
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What is another term for interdigital necrobacillosis?
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-foot rot
-foul foot |
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What is foot rot?
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Infection of the soft tissue of the foot that can progress to inovlement of the bones and joints
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What is the common organism that causes foot rot?
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Fucsobacterium necrophorum
requires an injury in the interdigital space to gain access to deeper structures |
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What are the clinical signs of foot rot?
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-sudden onset of painful lameness
-might involve more than one limb -skin and soft tissue in interdigital space becomes red and swollen -declaws will be further apart -decomposing tissue will have a foul smell |
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What is the medical tx for foot rot?
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Abx
oxy tet pcn excenel excede |
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How is the removal of decomposing tissue accomplished?
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-surgical removal
-may need amputation of claw or sx drainage |
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In the case of footrot, when is claw amputation or facilitated ankylsosis NOT done?
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if the fetlock is involved
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When is facilitated ankylosis considered in the tx of footrot?
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If the farmer wants to keep the animal in the herd (usually coffin joint infection)
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How is foot rot prevented?
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-attention to pastures or lots where animals can damage their feet
-footbaths with dilute formalin or copper sulfate |
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What is a corn in the bovine species?
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Hyperplasia of the skin in the interdigital space
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Corns is a greater problem in which type of bovines?
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Large heavy cows and beef bulls
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What are the clinical signs of a corn?
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-variable lameness
-hyperplasia of the interdigital skin -lameness is caused by pinching of the lesion |
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How are corns treated?
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-sx removal
-use an inverted V incision on the dorsal surface of the foot -wire claws together |
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Hoof cracks are also called what?
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Sand cracks
fissure in the hoof wall |
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How many types of hoof cracks are there?
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5
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True or false.....sand crack is a primary cause of lameness in the cow?
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False, usually not lame
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What is the treatment for hoof crack?
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-if no lameness: concern is only for appearance
if lame: clean out crack, allow for drainage (tube drain) |
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What is the usual cause of horizontal hoof cracks?
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Drastic changes in feeding or a high fever
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A horizontal hoof crack can progress to the bearing surface of the foot, how can it cause pain?
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Becomes loos and pinches the lamina
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How are horizontal hoof cracks managed?
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-allow crack to progress to the bearing surface
-if there is pain, segment below is removed |
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A P3 fx in a cow is usually associated with what condition?
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-movement on a slippery surface
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What are the clinical signs of a fx of P3?
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-acute lameness
-severe pain -no significant swelling -fxs involving the lateral claw...some animals will stand with crossed legs |
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How is a P3 fx managed?
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-attach wood block to the sound claw
-wire fx claw to the wood block ith digit slightly flexed -keep animal in a stall for 8 weeks if possible |
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Why do bulls suffer from tibial fxs?
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A result of fighting during mating
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What are the clinical signs of a long bone fx?
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-acute lameness
-excessive motion |
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To consider repair of a long bone fx, what must the animal be able to do?
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Stand on 3 legs...don't attempt repair if the animal can't
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How do you handle the repair of a fx below the carpus/tarsus?
Fx of the radius/tibia? Fx of the humerus/femur? |
-below carpus/tarsus: full limb cast
-radius/tibia: splint :humerus/femur: stall rest |
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What device can be used to splint a rear limb fracture or for stifle joint trauma?
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Walker Splint
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Which bovine breed is thought to be at greater risk for upward fixation of the patella?
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Bos indicus
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What are the clinical signs of a fixed patella?
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-catching in the gait just after full extension of the rear leg
-animal will drag involved limb and wear the toe excessively |
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What tx is 95% effective for upward fixation of the patella?
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Medial patellar desmotomy
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Define abrasion
Define laceration Define incision Define avulsion Define contusion Define puncture wound |
-abrasion: a wound which does not extend through the dermis
-laceration: tearing w/o extreme loss of tissue (barebed wire cut) incision: cut by a sharp instrument, scapel -avulsion: tearing wound with considerable loss of tissue -contusion: no break in skin but deeper damage (kick) -puncture wound: produced by sharp pointed instrument (nail) |
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What is the first step in basic wound management?
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Control hemorrhage
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When examining a new would, what factors do you assess?
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-location and depth
-vital structures involved -degree of contamination -fxs |
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How much tetanus antitoxin provides immediate protection?
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1500 units
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Can tetatnus antitoxin and toxoid be given at the same time?
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Yes..esp when vaccination hx is unknown
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What reaction can sometimes occur when giving tetanus antitoxin to older horses?
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Serum hepatitis (Theiler's Dz)-recovery is poor
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When are parenteral abx indicated in the tx of open wounds?
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-severe flesh wounds, for 3-4 days to control cullitis
-wounds involving synovial structures |
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On lower leg wounds wound topical abxs are used?
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-furacin
-silvadene and neosporin -meds to control excessive granulation |
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Leg wounds located where will respond better if bandaged?
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Lower leg wounds
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When are upper leg bandages of value?
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when periosteum, nerves or vessels are exposed
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What is the benefit to surgical closure of wounds?
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Reduces healing time
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To be considered for surgical closure, a wound should be how old?
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Less than 10 hours
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A wound should be located where for the best results for sx closure?
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Where movement of wound edges is minimal or can be minimized with bandage, splint, cast
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When would you consider delayed primary closure?
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When wound is heavily contaminated and a number of hours old
-medicate and bandage to control infection for 3 days |
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When is facilitated wound contraction used?
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where there is inadequate tissue to close the wound w/o excessive tenion, goal is to minimize the size of the are that must be closed by epithelialization
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What is the technique for facilitated contraction?
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-wound is cleaned and debrided
-interdermal, horizontal matress sutures are placed -sutures are tightened daily strecthing the skin |
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Skin grafting is primarily used for wounds located where?
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Lower leg
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When is a skin graft used?
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To increase speed of wound epithelialization when defects can't be closed by conventional suturing, wounds are in an area where contraction is minimal
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What are auto-graphs (autogenous)?
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-transferred on the same animal
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What are allografts?
Xenografts? |
Allograft: same species
Xenograft: different species |
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What are the various type of graft thicknesses?
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-full thickness
-split thickness (thin, intermediate, thick) |
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What is the general rule for how likely a graft will take?
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The better the appearance of the graft the less likely it will take
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What is the order in which a graft will take...from worst to best?
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1. full thickness (worse)
2. thick-partial 3. thin-partial 4. pinch, punch , tunnel |
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For mesh grafts, what type of tissue bed is needed?
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Healthy, non-infected granulation bed
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What is the benefit of a pinch, punch or tunnel graft for bed type needed?
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Granulation tissue is needed but some degree of infection can be present
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What are the common donor sites for grafts?
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-pectoral region
-ventral abdomen |
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What position is the animal placed for pinch or punch grafts?
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Can be done standing
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How long after pinch grafts are placed can you determine if the grafts have taken?
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2-3 weeks
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For punch grafts the normal donor site is where?
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Pectoral region
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What type of instrument is needed to obtain split thickness grafts?
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Dermatome- used on ventral abdomen
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How is a mesh graft made?
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Use a full or split thickness graft and cut numerous small holes in it
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Where would you use a tunnel and strip graft?
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In areas where there is considerable motion
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When is presuturing used?
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Can be used to close a defect of remove a blemish
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How do you do a pre-suture?
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-sutures are placed to stretch the skin 2-3 hours prior to closure
-minimizes tension applied to skin |
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|
Wellbutrin SR
|
Bupropion HCL
antidepressant |
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How do you dx if a there is an open joint wound?
|
-synvovial fluid in the joint
-flushing through the joint from a remote injection point |
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What cytology values tell you if the joint is infected?
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WBC > 50,000
>90% neutrophils |
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How do you manage a joint wound in a horse < 8 years old with minimal tissue loss?
|
-flush with several liters
-close under suture -abx -check perfusion |
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How do you manage a joint wound in a horse >8 years old with minimal tissue loss?
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-clean/debride
-bandage/abx x 3 days -delayed primary closure |
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How do you handle a joint wound that cannot be sutured?
|
maintain under sterile dressing and parenteral abx until capsule closes...will be leg carrying lame
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True or false.. an open infected joint is not extremely painful?
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True...until the capsule closes
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What is Proud Flesh?
|
Excessive granulation tissue
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What are the causes of proud flesh?
|
-minimal muscle mass
-limited excess skin -continual irritation (tall grass, chronic infeciton, motion) |
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Why is proud flesh a concern?
|
When granulation tissue proliferates above the skin edge, it interferes with epilthelialization and wound contraction
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What is the best method to remove proud flesh?
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Sx
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What other methods are used to remove/reduce excessive granulation tissue?
|
Caustics
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Various caustic agents are used to slough the granulation tissue. Why do you need to be cautious when using antimony chloride and HCl?
|
Animal might chew through bandage and get caustic agent in its mouth or eyes
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How can you control excessive granulation?
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-reduce irritation of motion
-corticosteroid ointment -mild caustic -enzyme preparations (meat tenderizer) |
