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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In the ruminant, the tunica albugenia surrounds what structure of the penis?
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Corpus carvernosum penis (CCP)
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The CCP is composed of what structures?
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-crus penis and cavernosus space extending along the shaft or body of the penis
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The 2 crus peni are attached where?
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To the ventral ischium
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What is the function of the ischiocarvernosus muscles?
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At the time of erection, contract repeatedly to force blood into the CCP (pressure reaches 1500 pounds/sq inch)
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from where do the retractor penis muscles originate?
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the 1st and 2nd coccygeal vertebrae
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The artery of the penis is a continuation of what other artery?
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Internal pudendal
(first branch of artery of the enis is the artery of the bulb of the penis) |
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All veins draining the penis are located where?
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In the crus
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The artery of the bulb of the penis supplies what structure?
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Corpus spongiosum penis (CSP)
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The CSP surrounds what structure?
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The urethra
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Which nerve ois the source of sensory and motor nerves to the penis?
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Pundendal nerve
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What is important about the function of the dorsal penile nerves?
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Play an important role in searching and locating the female vestibule
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Catheterization of the penis of ruminants can be difficult due to what anatomic structure?
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Dosal diverticulum
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What is the difference between the sheath and the prepuce?
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Sheath is haired skin
Prepuce is non-haired |
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What is a persistane frenulum?
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Interdigitation of the skin of the prepuce at birth, prevents extension of the penis
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Persistant frenulum casues the penis to bend in which direction?
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Ventrally
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What are hair rings?
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Hair encircles the penis just proximal to the preputial rings
-young bulls masterbate, hair mats and encircle the penis |
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Penile papillomas are most commonly seen in bulls of what age?
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1-3 year old housed together
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What is the possible etiology of penila papilloma?
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Papilloma virus- young bulls ride each other, spread virus
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How do you dx penile papilloma?
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-small amount of blood at preputial opening
-visually see a papilloma on the glans |
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What tx is available ofr penile papilloma?
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-commercial or autogenous vaccin
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What is the best approach for tx penile papilloma?
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Surgical removal
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What is the usual tx for superficial or small penile hematomas?
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Sexual rest
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What actually is a broken or fractured penis?
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Rupture of the tunica alubugenia
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Hematoma or fx of the penis is almost exclusively a problem in which species?
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The bull
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What is the usual etiology of hematoma or fx of the bull penis?
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Agreesive bull- violent breeding
-penis is kinked during breeding |
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What are the dx signs of fractured penis?
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-swelling just anterior to the scrotum
-symmetrical and palpable at the distal end of the sigmoid flexure -may see preputial prolapse |
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In the case of a fx penis, the decision to salvage by slaughter is based on what 2 factors?
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-value of the animal
-age |
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Sexual rest will allow what % of injured bulls to return to breeding soundness?
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50% (consider abx and protection if the prepuce is prolapsed)
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Sx management will allow for what % of injured bulls to return to breeding soundness?
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80%
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Following the penile injury, when should the sx be performed?
Why? |
3-7 days following
-prior to 3 days still hemorrhaging -after 7 clot is organized |
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How is the bull positioned for repair of a penile hematoma/fx, and why?
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Right lateral recumbency with left leg flexed and abducted up to rear
-to deal with gad build up of the rumen |
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What suture pattern is used to oppose the margins tears of the TA?
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Boot lace
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If a post op seroma develops, why isn't it drained?
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Risk of introducing bacteria
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A preputial laceration is actually a what?
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A rupture of the prepuce
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In which breed of bull is this more common?
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Bos indicus- pendulous prepuce
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What is the usual cause of a ruptured prepuce?
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Preputial tissue trapped between the abdomen of the bull and bony pelvis of the female during breeding
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In the Bos indicus breed, what is the typical tissue reaction of the rupture?
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Develop preputial prolapse
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What is the tissue reaction in Bos tarus?
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Retract the penis and develop phimosis
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In all bulls with swelling and retraction of the prepuce, what is the appearance of the injury?
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Appears to be a transverse teas as compared to the initial longitudinal tear
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What is the medical management of Preputial rupture?
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-cleansing/emollient
-stockinet applied to prolapse -latex tube in lumen of prepuce -tape to haired skin -dorsal support |
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What other approach to sx management of a ruptured prepuce can be considered?
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Circumcision- sx or sx with a ring
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Phimosis usually responds well to what tx?
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-Scar revision and reconstruction
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Paraphimosis usually responds best to what tx?
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Circumcision
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Why isn't urolithiasis a problem in females?
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They occur but females have a larger and more distensible urethra to pass them
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Why do diets of concentrates lead to calculi?
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Increase in mucoproteins and peptides in the urine
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Phosphate calculi will have what type of surface?
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Smooth
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What types of pastures can induce calculi formation?
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-grasses with high oxalate levels
-grasses grown on sandy soil |
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Why does cold weather induce the formation of urtehral calculi?
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Water sources freeze, animals have limited access to water
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What effect can early castration have on dealing with uroliths?
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Can make the urethra a smaller diameter
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In the male, where are most urethral calculi found?
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Distal bend of the sigmoid flexure
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What are the clinical findings in a bull with urethral calculi?
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-unsuccessful attempts to urinate
-tail pumps up and donw -bulbospongious muscle contracts -animal stretches frequently -tread with the rea feet -kick at abdomen -rectal exam reveals distended bladder |
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Surgical removal of calculi is usually only performed on which animals?
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Yearlings still on grass (not food lot animals)
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What is the primary objective in tx a feed lot animal who has urolithiasis?
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Short term recovery so they can go to market
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What sx procedure is used on feedlot animals with calculi?
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Ischiourethrostomy
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What other procedures have been used to tx urethral calculi?
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-transection of the penis
-amputation of the penis |
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What technique is used when the urethra has ruptured?
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-use a foley cath, penis transection of amputation technique
-make skin incisions in the ventral abdomen so urine can drian from sub cu tissue |
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How is a ruptured bladder handle?
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If easy egress for urine is provided, te bladder may heal without intervention
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How can the urine be drained?
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-rumen trocar into the lower right abdomen
-stomach tube through small incision in the paralumbar fossa |
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What steps are taking if the animal does not urinate normally?
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Sx closure of the bladder
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Urethral calculi in small ruminants have the appearance of what?
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Sand
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When does blockage of the urethra tend to occur in small ruminants?
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After amputation of the urethral process
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True or False, salvage procedures in pet goats are not acceptable.
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True
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What options are available, ie for pet goats?
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-cystotomy
-temporary tube cystotomy -maruspialisation of the bladder |
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What are the 2 stages needed to make a bull ready for estrus detection?
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-bull must be made infertile
-bull must be modified to prevent intromission |
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What techniques are used to make the bull infertile?
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-epididymectomy (remove of the tail of the epididymis)
-vasectomy-resect setcion of vas deferens |
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Preventing intromission technqiues can include production of an artifical thrombus in the CCP using what?
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soft acrylic
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What other procedures are done to prevent intromission by the marker bull?
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-penis tie down
-penectomy -preputial pocuh (not in pendulous pouch animals) (closes preputial opening and produces an alternate outlet for urine -penile translocation (sidewinder) |
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In the femlae ruminant, why qould you perform an episiotomy?
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-minimize damage to the perineal body and vulva during delivery
-gain additional exposure for sx procedures |
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Where is the episiotomy incision made?
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At the mucocutaneous edge of the vulve at the 2 or 10 oclock position
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In the cow, how is perivaginal fat from 1ts degree lacerations removed?
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With an emasculater
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True or false, when reparing perineal lacerations in the cow, the same dietary restrictions as in the mare are followed?
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false, not needed
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When is the usual time to see a vaginal and cervical prolapse in ruminants?
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-multi-parous cow and ewes
-last trimester of gestation |
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What conditions can predispose a cow to veginal or cervical prolapse?
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-heritable
-previous injury to vaginal tissues -eating large volumes of poor quality forage -cold weather (frostbite) -riding activity during estrus -advanced pregnancy -excessive perivaginal fat |
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In ewes, prolapse is predisposed by what?
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-forage high in estrogen
-docking tails too short |
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What is the definition of a 1st degree vaginal prolapse in a ruminant?
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-slight intermittent protrusion of the vaginal floor when the animal is lying down
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How would you define a 2nd degree vaginal prolapse?
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-floor of the vaginal protrudes the lips of the vulva continuously
-bladder may also be present eith the urethra kinked |
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What is a 3rd degree prolapse?
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Continuous prolapse of a majority of the vaginal floor and cervix with the urinary bladder included in the prolapse
-sometimes referred to as a cervical prolapse |
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How is prolapse different in Bos indicus?
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Cervical prolapse-the cervix is initially prolapsed not as a result of constant straining, minial involvement of the vaginal floor
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How would you define a 4th degree vaginal prolapse?
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A 2nd or 3rd degree proplapse in which the tissues are fibrotic or necrotic usually because of prolonged exposure
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What complication can occur due to the loss of the cervical plur due to a prolapse?
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-placentitis
-fetal septicemia |
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What are the tx goals of managing an animal with a prolapsed vagina?
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-replace prolapse
-retain tissues until term -deliver a live calf, lamb, kid -maintain the dam until offspring is weaned -salvage by slaughter |
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Once replaced, how do you retain the prolapsed tissus?
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Buhner suture
Bootlace technique Horizontal mattress sutures Caslciks Minchev Winkler cervicopexy |
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What are the indications for a ceasarean in a ruminant?
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-relieve dystocia
-fetal oversize -poor cervical dilation -abnormal pelvis -rupture of uterus -uterine torsion -hydrops |
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What are the fetal indications for a cesarean?
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-uncorrectable fetal malposition
-fetal oversize -emphysematous fetus -fetal monster |
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Which anesthetic drug should not be given in ruminants for a c-section?
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Xylazine- is an ecbolic
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Where are the sites for local anesthesia for a c-section?
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-ventral midline and paramedian
-invtered L, paravertebral |
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The c-section sx approach is based on what factors?
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-facilities
-pts. temperament -presentation, size, viability of fetus -surgeon preference |
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Which sx approaches to c-section are most used in ruminants?
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-ventral midline
-left flank |
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The ventral midline approach to c-section works best for what cases?
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-fractious cow
-emphysematous fetus -small surgeon |
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How is the cow positioned for the ventral midline approach?
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obliqely on the right (45 degrees from true dorsal recumbency), allows uterus to be pulled well into the incision, reduces abdominal contamination
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When incising the gravid horn, what structures should you take care not to cut?
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The cotyledons
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If the fetus is emphysematous, what should you try to do?
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Minimize soiling of the abdomen with uterine contents
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What do you do with the fetal membranes during a c-section?
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-if calf is emphysematous, rempove them
-if calf is alive, difficult to remove, many give tetracycline |
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How is the uterus closed after a c-section?
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Inverting pattern...do not include the placenta!
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How is the body wall closed after a c-section?
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mayo mattress- vest over pants
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Where is the incision made in the paramdian approach to c-section?
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Several inches to the left of midline
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How is the cow restrained for a standing flank approach c-section?
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-beef cow: chute
-dairy cow: stanchion |
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Which site is preferred in the standing flank approach?
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The left- better retention of the intestines
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When would the right side be preferred?
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Hydrops cases
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In the right flank approach, which structure should you be cautious of?
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The duodenum
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What are the drawbacks to the recumbent flank approach?
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-awkward position for surgeon
-fetus must be lifted directly upwards -rumen is on top of uterus in left flank approach -intestines are on top of uterus in right flank approach |
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When does uterine torsion occur un ruminants?
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At the time of parturition (different than the mare)
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How do you dx uterine torsion?
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-asymmetrical vulva
-fetus isn't in the pelvis, cow doesn't strain -vaginal and rectal exam abnormalities |
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How do you medically correct a torsion?
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Cast cow and roll in same direction as the torsion
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How do you sx tx a torsion?
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Ventral midline cesarean
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If the fetus is alive, what approach to you take handling a uterine torsion?
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-ventral midline, perform c-section
-flank: usually possible to deliver fetus vaginally in a short time or correct torsion and do c-section |
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True or false, uterine prolapse is a life threatening emegency.
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True- possibility of uterine artery rupture
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What conditions predispose a cow to uterine prolapse?
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-hypocalcemia
-post delivery straining -calving paresis -uterine inertia |
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Are females that have uterine prolapse more likely to prolapse again?
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no
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Which uterine horn typically prolapses?
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The gravid horn
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What are the problems associated with uterine prolapse?
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-tissue becomes edematous and friable
-uterine artery may rupture-->fatal -rupture of prolapse and evisceration -strangulation of abdominal organs in the prolapse -transportation is a problem |
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What position should the cow be place if recumbent?
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-legs pulled back (tips pelvis)
-or head downhill |
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What caution should you take when giving oxytocin to assist in replacing a prolapsed uterus?
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-too much given and the cervix will constrict
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When should uterine amputation be considered?
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-if there is extensive uterine damage
-the cervix has constricted so replacement is not possible |
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What is the prognosis for uterine amputation?
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guarded
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When amputating the uterus, what must you be sure of in regards to the other abdominal structures?
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That no other structures are in the prolapse...and animal is protected against tetanus
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Bilateral overiectomy is sometimes performed on which cows?
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Heifers- guaranteed not to get pregnant
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The flank approach to ovariectomy is through which paralumbar fossa?
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The left
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What is the name for the technique of performing an ovariectomy through the vagina?
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Colpotomy
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The use of which tool leaves the removed ovary in the abdomen?
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Willis instrument
the other type is the Kimberling-Rupp |
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After removal of the ovaries with either tool, how does the wound in the vagina heal?
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as an open wound
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What are the indications for removing a unilateral overiectomy?
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-remove a granulosa cell tumor
-remove an abscessed ovary -remove a chronic refractory unilateral cystic ovary |
