Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
198 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Bovine have what type of kidneys?
|
Lobulated
|
|
|
Which bovine kidney can be felt on rectal palpation?
|
The left kidney (towards the right side)
|
|
|
When palpated rectally, the bovine ureters are what size?
|
The size of straws
|
|
|
In the llama, the male urethra points in which direction?
|
Posterior
|
|
|
What structure make catheterization of the male ruminant difficult?
|
Urethral diverticulum
|
|
|
What stance do female ruminants take when urinating?
|
Wide legged, tail raised, back arched
|
|
|
Why is stance important?
|
Abnormal stance can indicate a problem
|
|
|
In general, are renal diseases in ruminants a herd problem or an individual problem?
|
Individual problem
|
|
|
What are the clinical signs of lower urinary tract dz?
|
-dysuria
-stranguria -character of urine -urinary incontinence -concretion accumulation |
|
|
What's a sign of urinary incontinence in female ruminant?
|
Dried urine of perineum, or legs
|
|
|
What are the clinical signs of upper urinary tract infection?
|
More systemic signs
-depression -anorexia - increased TPR -dehydration |
|
|
Hematuria seen at the beginning of urination indicates a problem where in the tract?
|
lower tract- urethra
|
|
|
Hematuria at the end of urination indicates a problem where?
|
Bladder
|
|
|
Hematuria throughout urination indicates a problem in what part of the tract?
|
Renal in origin or entire tract
|
|
|
What are the clinical signs/finding of terminal renal dz?
|
-hypoproteinemia from renal loss
-ventral edema, ascites, wt loss, renal anemia |
|
|
Septicemia of what other organ systems can affect the kidney?
|
-mastitis
-metritis |
|
|
Which diseases can act as a urinary tract dz, but not actually affect the urinary tract?
|
-intravascular hemolysis
-tying up/azotemia -ketosis -diabetes mellitus -adrenal or pituitary dysfunction -stress |
|
|
The color of urine varies with what 2 factors?
|
Species and hydration
|
|
|
What is the turbidity of cow urine?
|
Clear
|
|
|
What is the specific gravity of normal bovine urine?
|
1.015-1.045
|
|
|
Urine pH of ruminants can vary with what?
|
-anionic salts
-increase in grain |
|
|
Under which normal conditions would you expect to see proteinuria?
|
-parturient animals: due to genital tract contamination
-neonates: colostral proteins |
|
|
Is a urine dipstick more sensive to albumin or globulins?
|
Albumin
|
|
|
True or False...a urine sample with hematuria will be clear red?
|
False, cloudy red
clear red is hemoglobinuria |
|
|
What are the potential causes of glucosuria?
|
-IV dextrose
-stress -steroids -diabetes mellitus -renal tubular dz -C perfringens type D |
|
|
Ketones are a result of what?
|
by product of fat degradation, increase when fat stores are used as an energy source
|
|
|
What 2 by products are dependent on GFR for excretion?
|
-urea
-creatinine |
|
|
Increased BUN and creatinine are seen ih which conditon?
|
Pre-renal azotemia, usually higher BUN than creatinine
|
|
|
What does low BUN with increased creatinine indicate?
|
Hepatic dz
|
|
|
What is the common name for ulcerative posthitis and vulvitis?
|
Pizzle rot
|
|
|
Describe pizzle rot.
|
An ulcerative bacterial infection of the mucous membrane surrounding the skin of the prepuce or vulva of small ruminants
|
|
|
What is the causative agent of pizzle rot?
|
Corynebacterium renale
|
|
|
The presence of what, in the urine, can cause proliferation of C renale?
|
urea
|
|
|
When is an increase of urea usually seen?
|
A diet with a content of excess protein
|
|
|
Which breeds of sheep are more susceptible to pizzle rot and why?
|
Angora and Merino- thick wool
|
|
|
Is pizzle rot contagious?
|
venereal transmission has been reported
|
|
|
In rams and bucks where does pizzle rot first occur?
|
As a moist ulcer located at he mucocutaneous junction of the prepuce
|
|
|
What is the appearance of pizzle rot as the disease progresses?
|
Thin, loose brown-red malodorous scab, focal swelling at the cranial aspect of the prepuce, is very painful
|
|
|
In left intreated, what can happen?
|
Infection will spread to deeper tissues, adhesion can form between prepuce and penis, urethral process (pizzle) may stricture
|
|
|
Does pizzle rot affect breeding soundness?
|
Yes
-blood and exudate in semen -pain will inhibit libido -scarring or urethral orifice |
|
|
Where do lesions appear on ewes and does?
|
Vulva and perineum
|
|
|
What clinical sign might be seen in vulvitis?
|
Dysuria from involvement of urethral orifice
|
|
|
Whta dietary condition is needed for C renale to proliferate and cause pizzle rot?
|
Diets high in crude protein or nonprotein nitrogen, increases urinary urea--> ammonium ions liberated, causes ulceration of muscosa
|
|
|
What is the tx for affected animals?
|
-isolate affected animals
-clip wool from infected areas, apply topical abx -admin systemic PCN -reduce dietary protein levels |
|
|
What is the prognosis of pizzle rot?
|
-tx is good in early stages of dz
-must reduce dietary protein -breeding soundness is poor if infection has invaded internal tissues |
|
|
Urolithiasis is a dz occuring almost exclusively in which sex? Why?
|
Males
female urethra is shorter and wider |
|
|
Animals with untreated urolithiasis can have azotemia and what other condition?
|
Progressive renal failure
|
|
|
Since blood work can be unremarkable in urolithiasis, what diagnostics are used?
|
-Hx
-PE -U/S -rads |
|
|
What CBC results are common with urolithiasis?
|
-hyperglycemia
-stress luekogram -in time dehydration, azotemia |
|
|
In the case of bladder rupture, what changes are expected on the CBC?
|
-hypnatremia
-hypochloremia -hyperphosphatemia -uremia -hemoconcentration -inflammatory CBC with fibrinogen (tissue necrosis) |
|
|
What step do you take in the case of urolithiasis if azotemia or urinary tract rupture has not occurred?
|
Slaughter
|
|
|
Whae steps in medical tx can you take for urolithiasis?
|
-IV fluids
-Nsaids -tranquilizers |
|
|
What surgical tx are available to tx urolithiasis?
|
-tube cystotomy
-perineal cystotomy -urethrotomy -bladder marsupilization |
|
|
Post operatively, urine needs to be monitored, how long should abxs be given?
|
1 week past surgery 3 weeks for UTI
need antimicrobial that will reach high urinary concentrations |
|
|
What other post op considerations are taken?
|
Urine acidifying agents
Nsaids |
|
|
Does the age at which a male is castrated make a difference in the development of urolithiasis?
|
No
|
|
|
Why do urolithiasis occur more frequently in cold weather or hot, arid summer?
|
frozen water
stagnant water |
|
|
What is the pathophysiology of calculi formation?
|
High urinary concentrations of soluble, ionized material aggregate to form insoluble crystals
|
|
|
What is a prerequisite for urolith development?
|
Supersaturation of urine with crystalloid minerals
|
|
|
What other factors dictate if crystalloids form into crystals?
|
-mucoprotiens: act as a template on which calculogenic ions can initiate crystallization
-some plants -urine pH |
|
|
Acidic urine promotes the formation of what types of crystals?
|
Oxalate and xanthine
|
|
|
Alkaline urine favors the formation of which calculi?
|
calcium
magnesium phosphat cabonates triple phosphates iron carbonates |
|
|
A deficiency of which vitamin can lead to metaplasia of urinary tract epithelium....a nidus for calculogenesis?
|
Vitamin A
|
|
|
What is another name for phosphate uroliths?
|
Struvite
|
|
|
What type of feed promotes struvite formation?
|
Rations high in phosphorus- grain
|
|
|
Why do pelleted rations increase the risk of urolithiasis?
|
requires less chewing, saliva is high in phosphorus and doesn't get excreted as much
|
|
|
Silica uroliths are generally found in sheep and cattle grazing where?
|
Rangeland grasses in western North America
|
|
|
What is the characteristic appearance of calcium carbonate crystals?
|
Round shape and gold color
|
|
|
True or false, calcium oxalate uroliths are rare in ruminants.
|
True
|
|
|
To lower the incidence of urolithiasis, the diet should be adjusted to have what ratio of calcium and phosphorus?
|
2 parts calcium: 1 part phosphorus
|
|
|
What should be fed instead of pelleted diets to stimulate cud formation?
|
Long stem fibers
|
|
|
Why would you add sodium chloride to the diet?
|
Increase thirst and water consumption
|
|
|
Why is ammonium chloride added to ruminant feed?
|
To acidify urine and prevent crystals from precipitating
|
|
|
What are the signs of acute urethral obstruction?
|
-stranguria
-abdominal pain -restlessness -treading of feet -swishing of tail -grinding of teeth -tachypnea -tachycardia -mild rumen bloat (goat's may vocalize) |
|
|
Continued stranguria can result in what condition?
|
Rectal prolapse
|
|
|
UA of urethral obstruction by a calculi will show what results?
|
-increased blood
-proteins -crystals |
|
|
What sign of obstruction might be seen on preputial hair?
|
Mineralized concretions
|
|
|
Where is the common site of urethral obstruction in cattle?
|
Sigmoid flexure near the retractor penis muscles
|
|
|
Where is the common site of urethral obstruction in small ruminants?
|
At the urethral process at the tip of the penis
|
|
|
In small ruminants, where would you palpate for a pulsing urethra?
|
Through the flank (rectally on bovine)
|
|
|
How can urethral obstruction be tx in small ruminants?
|
Amputate the urethral process
|
|
|
Which drug should not be given to small ruminants for sx of the urethral obstruction?
|
Xylazine- will increase blood glucose and will increase urine production
|
|
|
What is a common complication of urethral obstruction?
|
urethral rupture
|
|
|
What effects can result from pressure necrosis causing leakage of urine into the subcu tissues of the perineum and ventral abdomen?
|
-cellulitis
-penile adhesions -urethral stricture |
|
|
Urethral obstruction can lead to what effect in the bladder?
|
pinpoint perforations or necrosis of large areas of the bladder wall (from prolonged distension)
|
|
|
Where is the most common site of the necrosis?
|
Dorsal aspect
|
|
|
When does the stranguria associated with bladder distension stop?
|
When the bladder ruptures
|
|
|
What clinical signs are seen as urine accumulates in the abdomen?
|
depression
-anorexia -weakness -dehydration -shock |
|
|
What techniques are used to demonstrate urine in the abdomen?
|
-U/S
-abdominocentesis (large volume of yellow to blood tinged fluid) |
|
|
What effects can chronic retention of urine have from a partially obstructed urethra?
|
-hypertrophy of bladder wall
-hydroureter -hydronephrosis |
|
|
What are the 2 most common bacteria associated with UTI in ruminants?
|
E coli
C renale |
|
|
How is cystitis characterized in cattle?
|
-dysuria
-pollakiuria -w/wo gross hematuria |
|
|
What signs might an affected cow show?
|
-tread
-tail swishing -arched stance after voiding |
|
|
Blood, purulent debris pr crystalline material may occasionally be found were in affected cows?
|
On the hairs of the ventral commissure of the vulva
|
|
|
What might you find on rectal palpation of a cow with a UTI?
|
Thickened, painful bladder
|
|
|
Does a cow with an infection limited to the bladder show generalized signs such as depression, fever, anorexia?
|
No
|
|
|
What signs in the history of an infected cow can point to illness?
|
Abrupt reduction in food intake and milk production
|
|
|
What are the other signs that can be seen with acute pyelonephritis?
|
-fever
-depression -ruminal stasis -scleral injection -milk colic |
|
|
What vague clinical signs might be seen in chronic pyelonephritis?
|
-weight loss
-poor growth rate -anorexia -decreased milk production |
|
|
What CBC changes would you expect to see in a cow with pyelonephritis?
|
-neutrophilic leukocytosis
-hyperfibrinogenemia |
|
|
if the infection is established for several days what changes might you seen in the bloodwork?
|
Hyperglobuloinemia
|
|
|
What might be the cause of diarrhea in an infected cow?
|
Proteinuria may cause hypoalbuminemia--> low plasma oncotic pressure-->diarrhea
|
|
|
How does chronic pyelonephritis lead to anemia?
|
-reduced erythropoietin production
-chronic inflammatory dz -blood loss through urine |
|
|
How do subclinical carriers of C renale transmit the organism?
|
Direct vulvar contact or splashing of urine on the vulvas of susceptible cows
|
|
|
How does iatrogenic transmission occur?
|
Through contaminated obstetric instruments or urinary catheters
|
|
|
Is adherence of C renale to the renale tract epithelium enhanced by an acidic or alkaline pH?
|
Enhanced by alkaline pH
|
|
|
How does the C renale organism maintain an an alkaline environment?
|
Through ureolysis and ammonia production
|
|
|
What is the drug of choice to treat C renale?
|
PCN
|
|
|
What drug can be used for E coli?
|
Ampicillin (high doses)
|
|
|
How long should abx tx be continued?
|
3 weeks
|
|
|
What is the cause of amyloidosis in cattle?
|
Deposition of insoluble protein fibrils in the kidney, GIT, liver, adrenals
|
|
|
Renal amyloidosis is characterized by what clinical sign?
|
Sporadic chronic wasting disease
|
|
|
What effect does amyloid have on the kidney?
|
Disrupts normal glomerular structure, results in PLN
|
|
|
What are the common clinical signs of amyloidosis?
|
-diarrhea
-weight loss -poor productivity -ventral edema from hypoproteinemia |
|
|
When a cow with amyloidosis urinates, what finding might you seen in the urine?
|
Develops stable foam after hitting the ground (or shaking in a container) due to high protein content
|
|
|
What clin path findings will you see with amyloidosis?
|
-proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia
-elevated BUN, creatinie if renal damage is advanced -hyperfibrinogenemia and hyperglobulinemia may occur |
|
|
What technique would be need to look for the presence of amyloid protein in the urine?
|
Electron microscopy
|
|
|
Amyloidosis in cattle is classified as the reactive type (AA) which is associated with what type of dz?
|
Chronic inflammatory dz
|
|
|
True or false, amyloidosis is easily reversible.
|
False, cannot be reversed
|
|
|
Active amyloidosis is usually in response to what type of condition?
|
-concurrent inflammatory dz such as mastitis, hardware dz, pneumonia, metritis
|
|
|
Why does amyloidosis cause diarrhea?
|
As a result of edema or amyloid deposition in the GIT
|
|
|
What is the cause of glomerulonephritis (rare condition) in ruminants?
|
Deposition of Ag-Ab complexes in the glomerular basement membrane or binding of Ab to intrinsic or foreign antigens in the glomerulus
|
|
|
Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis has been described in which breed of lambs?
|
Finnish Landrace
|
|
|
What signs might affected lambs show?
|
-dull
-ataxic -appear blind signs start within hours after birth to 3 months of age -may see fine muscle tremors, colic, convulsions |
|
|
What is the tx for glomuleronephritis?
|
There is none
|
|
|
What causes tubular necrosis?
|
A variety of toxic, infection or hemodynamic insults to the kidneys
|
|
|
What heavy metals can cause tubular necrosis?
|
-arsenic
-mercury -lead -zinc -copper |
|
|
Tubular necrosis in ruminants can be caused by which antimicrobials?
|
-aminoglycosides
-tetracyclines -sulfonamides (rare) (and Nsaids) |
|
|
Which plants can cause tubular necrosis?
|
-pigweed
-easter lily -oak -ponderosa pine -cocklebur -oxalate containing plants |
|
|
Endogenous causes of tubular necrosis include what?
|
-hemoglobin
-myoglobin -calcium oxalate |
|
|
What other causes of tubular necrosis might you see?
|
-ethylene glycol
-vit C -vit D |
|
|
What are the clinical signs of tubular necrosis?
|
Often nonspecific
-anuria, oliguria, polyuria -diarrhea -poor appetite -depression -nasal discharge -epistaxis -ileus -melena -mild bloat -muscle weakness |
|
|
What clin path results could you see with tubular necrosis?
|
-elevated BUN/Cr, w/ isosthenuria
-protein, hematuria, granular casts on UA |
|
|
What is the tx for tubular necrosis?
|
-remove source of toxin
-restore perfusion (IV isotonic, sodium containing fluids, calcium and potassium supp if needed) -diuretics to stimulate urine production |
|
|
What effect can leptospira have on the kidney?
|
Chronic infection of the renal tubules--usually causing little or no dz to the host
|
|
|
How is lepto transmitted?
|
-direct contact with urine from an infected maintnance host
-through environmental or feed contamination with infected urine |
|
|
Infection of an incidental host can cause what disease conditions?
|
-kidney, liver, CNS dz
-abortion and reproductive failure |
|
|
On of the challenges of tx lepto is its ability to persist in what kind of environment?
|
can persist for 6 months in a warm, moist environment
|
|
|
Which serovar of lepto is host adapted to cattle?
|
serovar hardjo
|
|
|
Cattle are the incidental hosts for which 2 serovars?
|
-pomona
-grippotyphosa |
|
|
For cattle, an infection with hardjo produces what type of dz?
|
Most infections are asymptomatic or result in non-specific repro failure or abortion
|
|
|
Infection with a non-host adapted serovar can lead to what dz conditions?
|
-systemic dz
-hemolytic anemia -hepatitis -interstitial nephritis -tubular nephrosis in calves |
|
|
What are the clinical signs of non-host adapted lepto infection?
|
-fever, anorexia, lethargy
-decreased milk production -petechiation -hemolytic anemia -hemoglobinuria |
|
|
How does lepto gain entry into the host?
|
Through external mucosal surfaces and scarified macerated skin
|
|
|
During the convalescent phase of infection, where does lepto localize, where it appears to be protected from the immune response?
|
-mammary gland, kidney, genital tract
|
|
|
Which is the most widely used test to detect lepto?
|
Microscopi agglutination test (MAT)
(detects Ab to specific serovars) |
|
|
urine culture is often unrewareding for detecting lepto, if you proceed with a urine culture how should the sample be collected?
|
Second void urine sample collection after the administration of furosemide
|
|
|
How is lepto tx?
|
-Oxytetracycline
-supportive care (IV, Nsaids, nutrition) |
|
|
How can lepto be prevented?
|
-drain or fence off standing water
-dry, clean environment -limit exposure to rodents, wild life -vaccinate |
|
|
What are the clinical signs of lower urinary tract infection?
|
-pollakiuria
-dysuria -stranguria -periuria -hematuria No PU/PD... higher up in kidney or systemic |
|
|
A PE for lower urinary tract dz must include what components?
|
-abd palpation
-rectal exam -UA/UC |
|
|
If there are signs of systemic illness, what diagnostic should you do?
|
Bloodwork
|
|
|
What can cause an anatomic urethral obstruction?
|
-urolithiasis
-neoplasia -cysts -mucus plug |
|
|
What can cause a functional urethral obstruction?
|
reflex dyssynergy
|
|
|
What steps do you take in tx an urethral obstruction?
|
-is it a complete obstruction
-blood work (K+) -correction -catheterization (retrograde propulsion) -fluids -culture |
|
|
What are uroliths?
|
Organized crystal aggregates
|
|
|
What factors affect the formation of uroliths?
|
-pH
-temp -promoters -inhibitors |
|
|
What are the potential sequellae to urolithiasis?
|
-urinary tract infection
-obstruction -poly formation -chronic irritation |
|
|
What are the potential causes of urolithiasis?
|
Dogs & Cats:
-absorption or elimination abnormalities -dietary (calculogenic ingredients) -genetic abnormalities (metabolism, elimination) Dogs Only: UTI |
|
|
True or False, crystalluria is uncommon.
|
False, it is common
|
|
|
How do stones start to form?
|
adherence to epithelium-->aggregation-->stone formation
|
|
|
How is urolithiasis dx?
|
Hx: stranguria, dysuria, hematuria,stones
complete or partial obstruction PE: palpation including rectal |
|
|
What chem results might you see with urolithiasis?
|
-normal
-obstructed: azotemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia Other dz: hypercalcemia, PSS (urate stones), BUN, albumin, glucose |
|
|
What are the 4 components of a UA?
|
-USG
-pH -sediment -urine culture |
|
|
Which type of uroliths can't be seen on radiographs?
|
cysteine, urate
(I can't C U) |
|
|
What are the goals of tx for urolithiasis patients?
|
-stone removal/retrieval (analysis/culture)
-prevention of recurrence -diet, management, monitoring |
|
|
What concurrent dz might you encounter with urolithiasis?
|
-PSS
-persistant urachus, diverticula |
|
|
What is a common complication of tx urolithiasis?
|
Hematuria
|
|
|
What factors determine the tx for urolithiasis?
|
-composition
-size and location -complicating factors(owner.pt compliance) |
|
|
Often, what is the best tx for urolithiasis?
|
Surgery
|
|
|
When performing sx, what is the best method of visualizing the urethra?
|
pass a catheter
|
|
|
External catheterization can be used for what size of stones?
|
small and numerous
-in lat recumbency -sedation/anesthesia -saline distention of bladder -vigorous abdominal massage |
|
|
How is voiding urohydropropulsion performed?
|
-anesthesia
-vertical positioning -saline distention -vigorous massage -steady slow pressure on bladder -stones must be small enough to pass thru urethra |
|
|
Lithotripsy uses what to break up stones?
|
sound waves
|
|
|
Can stones be medically managed?
|
-certain minerals can
-diet and drugs -risk for obstruction -weeks to months to tx -monitoring is necessary -frequent BUN, Cr, UA |
|
|
How can urolithiasis be prevented?
|
-increase water consumption
-pH control -UTI elimination -tx predisposing conditions -diet -pharmaceuticals (Alopurenol) |
|
|
What is the most common calculi in dogs?
|
Struvite
(magnesium ammonium phosphate MAP) |
|
|
What are the causes of sterile struvite calculi?
|
-hereditary
-diet -metabolic |
|
|
How do you dx struvite calculi?
|
-Hx, PE, clin signs
-large, multiple radiodense calculi -UTI (staph intermedius) -pH > 6.2 -struvite crystalluria -schnauzer, poodle, bichon |
|
|
What is the sx tx for struvite calculi?
|
-removal and urethral hydropropulsion
-stone analysis and culture -abx for 14 days |
|
|
How can you medically manage struvite calculi?
|
-S/D diet short term
-urinary acidifiers -urease inhibitors (lot of side effects) -recheck monthly, if no response in 2 months...sx |
|
|
How can you prevent struvite calculi?
|
- long term UTI prevention
-low ash maintenance diet |
|
|
Calcium oxalate calculi result from what dietary condition?
|
-dietary Ca++, oxalate or citrate ions
|
|
|
Do calcium oxalate calculi form in alkaline or acidic urine?
|
Acidic (hypocitraturia)
|
|
|
Hyperoxaluria can be from the diet or what other source?
|
Oral vitamin C excess
|
|
|
How do you dx oxalate calculi?
|
-Hx, PE, clin signs
-male of predisposed breed -calcium oxalate crystaluria -dz conditions (hypercalcemia/uria |
|
|
How can oxalate stones be prevented?
|
-alleviate hypercalcemia/uria
-avoid calcium, excessive protein & oxalate -do not restrict phosphorus -increase water intake -potassium citrate (alkalinizer) -Vit B6 (prevents oxalate formation) -hydrochlorothiazide (reduces hypercalciuria) |
|
|
Urate calculi are a result of uric acid produced by what?
|
Purine metabolism
|
|
|
In which breed are urate calculi common?
|
Dalmations, esp males
|
|
|
What other dz condition can cause urate calculi?
|
PSS, severe hepatic dysfunction
|
|
|
urine culture in the case of urate calculi shows what?
|
urease + bacteria
|
|
|
Do urate calculi form in acidic or alkaline urine?
|
acidic
|
|
|
What are the txs for urate calculi?
|
-sx removal
-PSS correction -medical dissolution (Allopurinal) |
|
|
How can urate calculi be prevented?
|
-increased water intake
-low purine diet -potassium citrate (alkinizaiton/normal pH) -UTI management -Allopurinol |
|
|
What is the cause of cystine calculi?
|
Abnormal renal reabsorption of basic amino acids
|
|
|
Which breeds are most affected in cystine crystals?
|
-english bulldog, mastiffs, bull mastiffs
|
|
|
What is the appearance of cystine crystals?
|
Small, spheroid finely granular
|
|
|
Along with sx, what other steps to prevention of cystine calculi can be taken?
|
-water increase
-potassium citrate (alkalinizing) -cystine chelators -diet: low proteins |
