Sfos Test Ii 21 & 22 Cv Reflexes

Front 1

List the three components of a reflex.

Back 1

Afferent signal (input), processor/controller, efferent signal (ouput), effector organ

Front 2

What generates the afferent signal for a cardiovascular reflex?

Back 2

Mechanoreceptors (stretch receptors)

Front 3

What serves as the processor/controller for a cardiovascular reflex?

Back 3

Brainstem is the primary integrator

Front 4

What are the 3 effector systems which are the pathways for efferent signal?

Back 4

Sympathetic NS, Parasympathetic NS, and endocrine system

Front 5

What is the name given to mechanoreceptors in the walls of the arteries?

Back 5

baroreceptors

Front 6

What is the name given to mechanoreceptors in the walls of the heart chambers?

Back 6

cardiopulmonary receptors

Front 7

What are the 2 effector targets?

Back 7

Heart and blood vessels

Front 8

How does the kideny participate in long term regulation of the CV system?

Back 8

Adjusts blood volume

Front 9

What receptor types, which effect the CV system are sensitive to blood chemistry?

Back 9

Chemoreceptors

Front 10

Where is the highest concentration of the most sensitive baroreceptor found?

Back 10

In the carotid sinus at the bifurcation of the internal and external carotid arteries

Front 11

Besides the carotid sinus list two other locations where baroreceptors can be found.

Back 11

Other parts of the carotid artery and around the aortic arch

Front 12

Define: the pressure differential across the wall of the vessel.

Back 12

transmural pressure

Front 13

What is the critical parameter measured by baroreceptors?

Back 13

transmural pressure

Front 14

An increase in mean arterial blood pressure will result in an ____ in the rate of nerve impulse generation of the baroreceptor (sinus nerve).

Back 14

Increase

Front 15

True/False, systolic and diastolic pressure difference produce the same sinus nerve response.

Back 15

False, impulse generation is greater during rises in pressure (systole) than during decreases (diastole)

Front 16

If the wall is stiffened by contraction of smooth muscle, what is the effect on the sensitivity of the baroreceptors?

Back 16

Sensitivity will decrease because the transmural pressure will not change.

Front 17

Mechanoreceptors are a type of _________ receptor.

Back 17

Stretch

Front 18

When the wall of the carotid artery expands (or contracts) how does the baroreceptor respond?

Back 18

Increases impulse generation

Front 19

Locate the primary locus for integration of the cardiovascular reflex system in the brain.

Back 19

Upper medulla

Front 20

List the four major areas for cardiovascular control in the brain.

Back 20

Upper medulla, hypothalamus (temperature reg, volume etc), cortical areas (i.e. blushing), and spinal cord (primitive reflexes)

Front 21

True/False, in the upper medulla when the more laterally located sympathetic nervous system is activated, the more medially located parasympathetic (vagal) nervous system is simultaneously inhibited.

Back 21

TRUE

Front 22

What nervous system is the dominant effector in baroreflex responses?

Back 22

Sympathetic NS

Front 23

Sympathetic nervous activity is directly __________ to the amount of baroreceptor input to the brain.

Back 23

opposite

Front 24

What nervous system is activated by rising blood pressure and results in decreased heart rate and reduces the contractile state of the heart?

Back 24

Parasympathetic NS

Front 25

What are the two fold effects of the sympathetic NS on the venous system?

Back 25

1. decreasing of reservoir space (venous volume) 2. Increase venous return to the heart (by increasing mean systemic filling pressure and/or decreasing the resistance to venous return.)

Front 26

An increase in sympathetic activity will cause an _________ in vascular resistance.

Back 26

Increase

Front 27

A decrease in sympathetic activity will cause a ___________ in vascular resistance.

Back 27

Decrease

Front 28

An increase in sympathetic activity creates a ___________ heart.

Back 28

hypereffective

Front 29

Heart rate is __________ with increased sympathetic activity.

Back 29

increased

Front 30

What two effects does sympathetic activity have on the heart?

Back 30

Increases heart rate and makes the heart hypereffective

Front 31

Will the parasympathetic Nervous system cause a small or great depression in contractile state?

Back 31

Small depression

Front 32

An increase in parasympathetic activity will cause a ___________ in heart rate.

Back 32

decrease

Front 33

What is the primary endocrine organ involved in the baroreceptor reflex?

Back 33

Adrenal gland

Front 34

What are the two hormones released by the adrenal medulla which both effect blood pressure?

Back 34

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

Front 35

What two effects does epinephrine have on the myocardium?

Back 35

increases heart rate and contractile state

Front 36

What neurotransmitter is shared by the adrenal medulla and the sympathetic nervous system?

Back 36

norepinephrine

Front 37

What does Renin (produced by the kidneys) stimulate?

Back 37

The formation of angiotensin

Front 38

What is the effect of angiotensin on the blood vessels?

Back 38

Very strong angiotensin

Front 39

What two conditions need to be met for the kidney to release renin?

Back 39

Low blood pressure and/or sympathetic activity is elevated

Front 40

Vasopressin is a vasoconstrictor or a vasodilator?

Back 40

Vasoconstrictor

Front 41

What brain structure releases vasopressin?

Back 41

hypothalamus

Front 42

What is the short term and long term purported function of the atrial mechanoreceptor reflex?

Back 42

short-term vasoconstriction (through release of vasopressin, aka ADH) and long-term response for fluid conservation.

Front 43

Describe the components of the atrial mechanoreceptor reflex.

Back 43

Stretch receptors located in the walls of both the left and the rigth atria, consisting of a type A and Type B. Send information to brain and modulate the release of vasopressin.

Front 44

When are Type A atrial mechanoreceptor reflex receptors active?

Back 44

During atrial contraction (called such because they are associated with the "a" wave of atrial pressure)

Front 45

When are Type B atrial mehcanoreceptor reflex receptors active?

Back 45

During atrial filling (called such because they are associated with the "v" wave in atrial pressure)

Front 46

Besides the baroreceptor reflex and the atrial mechanoreceptor reflex, list two other cardiovascular reflexes.

Back 46

CNS Ishemic reflex and Diving reflex

Front 47

What elicits the CNS Ishemic reflex?

Back 47

When the blood pressure falls below 40 mmHg (inadequate for brain perfusion)

Front 48

What is the dominant reflex effect of the CNS ischemic reflex?

Back 48

sympathetic vasconstriction (additionally, an increase in heart rate)

Front 49

If CSF pressure approaches within 30-40 mmHg what occurs?

Back 49

CNS Ishemic reflex (as well as cushing response and sometimes accompanies by a vagally induced bradycardia)

Front 50

Describe the Cushing response/reflex.

Back 50

When CSF pressure > Mean Arterial Pressure, sympathetic nervous system activated resulting in a sudden change in blood pressure causing the baroreceptors to induce bradycardia (Cushing's triad)

Front 51

Describe the diving reflex.

Back 51

Elicited by exposing the nasopharynx to wet cold stimuli, trigeminal nerve carries signal and induces bradycardia and vasoconstriction (especially in the abdominal organs).

Front 52

What is the use of the diving reflex?

Back 52

Conserves energy while diving, increasing submersion time/depth, may be used clinically to retard tachycardia