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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What occurs to the remaining active follicles that have not been chosen to mature fully?
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Undergo spontaneous atresia
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What has recent research proposed the mechanism for only one follicle to ovulate?
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Androgen produced by the ONE follicle induce regression of the others
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On what day does the blastual implant?
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Day 7
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What is the chance of an ovum being selected for ovulation?
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1 in 20,000
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What two binding protiens are preffered by human estrogens, progestins and androgens?
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Sex hormone binding globulin and cortisol binding globulin
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Which protien carries estrogen and testosterone?
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SHBG (sex hormone binding globulin)
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Which protein carries cortisol and progesterone?
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Cortisol Binding Globulin
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CBG and SHBG have a (high or low) affinity and a (high or low) capacity for steroid binding?
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High affinity and low capacity
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Albumin is a (high or low) affinity (high or low) capacity binder for "spil-over" steroid hormone?
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Low affinity and High Capacity
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What is a great stimulus for the production of CBG and SHBG that is found in pregnant women at term?
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Estrogen (high levels)
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What is a direct reflection (index) of the levels of "biologically active", unbound hormone in the circulation?
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Urinary excretion of free hormone
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What organ is the principal site of steroid inactivation and is capable of removing any steroid from the circulation?
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Liver
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What are the major chemical modifications occuring in the liver to remove steroids from the body?
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reduction( renders it inactive), glucuronidation, and sulfation (increases water solubility)
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What process removes double bonds and ketone groups from the steroid?
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hydrogenation
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What are the 3 cervical transport functions that relate to sperm?
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Rapid transport; colonization of sperm in cervical crypts; slow prolonged release of sperm from the crypts
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TRUE/False Rapid transport of sperm into the uterus requires female orgasm?
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FALSE, orgasm is not required
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What function do the endocervical crypts have on sperm transport?
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Act as a resovoir
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What is the purpose of "delayed delivery" of sperm?
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Ensures the prolonged presence in the upper reproductive tract
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TRUE/FALSE sperm motility is NOT nessecarry for fertilization?
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FALSE; it is needed
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If sperm movement is so slow, how does it achieve rapid transport to the ampulla?
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It is mediated by fluid movements in the female reproductive tract
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What is the term for the required physico-chemical changes that sperm must undergo before they are capable of fertilization?
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capacitation
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The sequential activation of a series of hydrolytic actions and the merging of membranes on the sperm head is termed what?
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Acrosome reaction
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What does the acrosome reaction expose on the sperm head to allow fertilization to occur?
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Proteins which are receptor specific onto zona pellucida
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What two important reactions occur after the sperm penetrates the vitteline membrane?
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release of cortical granules into the perivitelline space to prevent polyspermy; Triggering the final stages of meiosis in the oocyte
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About how long after penetration does the ovum undergo its first mitotic division
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24 hours
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What is the fertilized egg called when it enters the uterus 3-4 days after ovulation?
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Morula (blastocyst by 5-6 days)
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What are the three distinguishable cell types in the blastocyst?
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cytotrophoblast; inner cell mass; and hypoblast
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This part of the blastocyst gives rise to the endodermal lining of the yolk sac?
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hypoblast
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What mediates the transformation of the endometrium at the site of contact into the maternal placenta, the decidua?
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Progesterone
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Can implantation occur in the absence of progesterone?
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NO
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What is the main endocrine organ in pregnancy?
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Placenta
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Where is HCG secredted from?
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trophoblast (fetal tissue) of the placenta
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What hormone is HCG similar to?
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LH (same alpha chain, different beta chain)
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What is the major role of hCG?
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Maintain the corpus luteum progesterone secretion
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What is another essential role of hCG?
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Stimulation of testosterone secretion by the fetal testis; Immunilogical properties (prevent fetal rejection); Stimulates placental steroidgenesis
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What is the earliest definitive sign of pregnancy?
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Presence of hCG in the plasma
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Although plasma hCG can be detected as early as 6-8 days after fertilization, what test is more often used?
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Urine hCG
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What is the earliest that urinary hCG may be detectable
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18 days post ovulation or 4 days past first missed menses
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This placental hormone resembles both prolactin and growth hormone, and is primarily acting on th mother?
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Human placental lactogen
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What are the major functions of HPL which are similar to pituitary growth hormone?
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Mobilization and metabolism of maternal fat stores (protein sparing)
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This function of HPL can produce mild hyperglycemia and gestational diabetes?
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peripheral insulin resistance
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What are the mammotropic actions of HPL?
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promotion of breast development
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Does HPL regulate salt and water metabolism in the fetal-placental unit?
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Yes
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At term placental protein hormone is found in highest concentrations?
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HPL
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Which hormone is a neuroendocrine signal for the hypothalamus inhibiting the release of FSH?
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progesterone
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What hormone maintains the nutrient rich vascular bed for implantation?
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Progesterone
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This hormone works with estrogen to maintain the growth of the uterus and breast?
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Progesterone
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Progesterone acts on the uterus to (enhance or inhibit) contractility and also (stimulates or inhibits) prostaglandin formation?
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Inhibits smooth muscle contractility and inhibits formation of prostaglandin
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What does estrogen do in preperation for parturition?
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softens the elastic tissues of the pelvic ligaments and the vagina
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Estrogen (inhibits or stimulates) the production of clotting factors?
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Stimulates
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What is the primary source of estrogen prior to and after the 7th weeks of gestation?
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Mothers ovaries and then the fetal-placental unit
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What are the Major effectors of labor?
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progesterone decline; estrogen increase; prostaglandins; up-regulation of oxytocin receptors; secretion of relaxin; secretion of oxytocin
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During the last few days of pregnancy, progesterone levels are (high or low) and estrogen levels are (high or low)?
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Low (plateu); High (estrogen dominance)
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What does the loss of progesterone result in?
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increased contractility of uterus; unimpeded actions of estrogen
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What does estrogen dominance accomplish that leads to parturition?
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oxytocin receptor up-regulation; relaxin secretion; increased contractility; prostaglandin formation
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What signal the release of oxytocin during parturition?
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stretching of the uterus by the baby
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Oxytocin release during parturition exhibits a (negative or positive) feedback?
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Positive (every round of oxytocin stretches uterus and promotes more oxytocin and more contractions)
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What are the methods of contraception?
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natural rhythm, withdrawal, barriers, intrauterine devices, sterilization, oral steroid contraceptives
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What is the most effective method of contraception?
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Oral contraception
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What do estrogen- containing birth control pills function do?
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Interfere with the natural ovarian feedback signal of the follicular phase
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What is the effective mechanism by which oral contraceptives prevent pregnancy?
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No ovulation (no ovulatory surge)
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What are the three types of oral contraceptives?
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estrogen and progesterone; phasic estrogen-progestin; progesterone only
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What do minipills contain?
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progesterone only
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These consist of six silicon capsules containing 36mg each of the synthetic progestin, levonorgestrel or norplant?
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implants
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These are two long lasting injectable contraceptives administered once every two to three months
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DMPA/ NET-EN
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What do progesterone only pill users have a high incidence of?
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breakthrough bleeding
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Estrogen contraception carries the very low risk of complications due to what?
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Blood clotting
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