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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Primary Source
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The original report of the original work, contains all of the details necessary to duplicate the study.
-Journal Articles -Professional conference proceedings -scholarly books |
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Secondary Source
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Provides a level of information "once removed" from the original work (author summarizes information about the original study.
-books on specific subjects - textbooks -review articles in journals |
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General Sources
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Provides an overview of the topic. Acts as a lead to where more information can be found.
- Daily newspapers - News Weeklies -trade books - popular magazines |
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Quantitative inquiry
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A specific and up-front type of inquiry. Described numerically, uses larger samples, usually collected by questionaires and observations.
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Qualitative inquiry
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A broad type of inquiry. Spoken or written in text, uses smaller samples not generalizable to the populations.
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Applied Research
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Addresses practical problems; suggests specific solutions.
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Program Evaluation research
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evaluates programs in agencies, institutions, government programs
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Basic Research
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Uncovers evidence about fundamental behavior processes; there is no immediate application at the time it is completed
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Variable
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A concept or its empirical measure that can take on more than one value
-IQ - height - conflict resolution |
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Independent Variable
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The variable that we feel will influence the dependent variable, also known as the cause.
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Dependent Vairable
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The variable which is influences-the effect
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Operational Definition
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Links the abstract concept to a specific behavior, different from the abstract concept it represents, the way you will measure the variable, never a perfect measure of the concept, the same variables may be operationally defined in different ways.
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Nominal Measurement
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The least precise type of measurement. Based on categories, offers names, no numerical properties. Mutually exclusive and exhaustive.
- What is your gender : Male, Female, Other |
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Ordinal
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RAnks people , a continuum of responses, can make more or less comparisons however youc an't measure the interval exactly
- I am almost always happy scale of 1-5 1 most like you 5 least like you. |
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Interval
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Intervals are meaningful, no zero or true zero, if zero exists it is arbitrary.
ex: the temperature, can be zero but zero doesn't mean absence of temperature |
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Ratio
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The most precise measure. Intervals are meaningful, absolute. Zero means the absence of a factor.
Ex: How many times have you been married? |
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Research Question
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In the form of a question, 2 or more related concepts are included. One of 2 broad types of questions ( comparison or relationship) Able to apply ROT (repeatable, observable, testable)
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Hypothesis
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Predictive statment based on review of literature. An educated guess. Never proven, just supported or refuted with evidence. A good hypothesis is stated in declarative form, pose a relationship between variables, reflect theory or literature upon which they are based, brief and to the point, testable, related tot he research question.
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ROT
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Repeatable
Observable Testable |
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Theory
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An organization of concepts that permits the prediction of data.A partially verified statement of scientific relationship that cannot be directly observed.
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Functions of a Theory
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Helps organize data
Allows for generation of predictions Suggest directions for future research |
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General Theory
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Offers explanation for a broad range of events.
ex: Behavioral Theory |
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Middle Range Theory
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Offers explanation of more limited substantative aspects of a particular phenomena
ex: parenting theory |
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Inductive Theory
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Reasoning proceeds form particular data to a general theory.
-qualitative approach (no specific hypothesis) - used to understand people's experiences |
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Deductive Theory
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Reasoning proceeds from a general theory to particular data -Quantitative approach
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Where do researchers get ideas for their research?
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-Personal experience/first hand knowledge
- Ideas from a mentor/instructor from classes -Identify questions that reflect the next step in the research questions ( from the discussion section of an article) |
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Why is a review of literature an important part of the research process?
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-Determines if the question has already ben definitively answered
-Obtain an overview of the entire research area -Benefit from work and mistakes of others -Ensures that yours is meaningful research |
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What type of information is presented in different sections of a research article in a journal?
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1. Introduction and Review of Literature
2. Methodology -Design -Sample - Procedures -Measures 3. Results 4. Discussion |
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Reliability
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Consistent, dependable, stable. Reliability occurs when a test measures the same ting more than once and results in the same outcomes. How stable or consistent is the measure?
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Validity
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Accuracy, truthfulness. Validity is when the test or instrument you are using actually measures what you need to have measured. Does the instrument measure what it says it measures? How well do the conceptual and operational definitions mesh with each other?
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Test-retest reliabilitly
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When the measure is given on two separate occasions, is there consistency between scores?
-Used with written questionnaires, observations -Correlation coefficient (.7 or higher) |
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Inter Rater reliability
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Is there consistency from rater to rater
-used in observation research -statistical test: % of agreement or Cohen's kappa |
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Cohen's Kappa
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Used to determine inter-rater reliabililty
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Internal consistency (inter-item)reliability
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is there consistency between individual items and the total score?
-used with written questionnaires -statistical test: Cronbach's alpha |
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Cronbach's alpha
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Used when determining internal consistency (inter item) reliability.
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Alternate (parallel) form reliability
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Consistency between froms of the test.
-Often used in educational research (different forms of the act test_ -statistical test: correlational coefficient |
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Face Validity
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Does the scale appear to measure what people say it's measuring?
-Do other scholars agree that the measures seem valid? -No statistical test |
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Content Validity
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Refers to the breadth of items on the measure
-ask a group of scholars if the full content is covered. -how well does the measure represent the universe of items |
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Criterion Validity
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How does the measure relate to an already known standard (criterion)?
1. concurrent criterion-do scores on the scale correlate with scores of an already existing measure of the construct? 2. Predictive Criterion- can the measure predict future performance that is logically related? |
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Concurrent Criterion Validity
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Do scores on the scale correlate with scores of an already existing measure of the construct.
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Predictive Criterion Validity
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Can the measure predict future performance that is logically related
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Construct Validity
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How well does the measure assess the underlying construct.
1. Discriminative construct-can the measure differentiate between oposing groups 2. Convergent Construct-do multiple measures of the same construct hang together or operate in consistent ways? |
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Discriminative Construct validity
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Can the measure differentiate between opposing groups.
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Convergent Construct validity
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Do multiple measures of the same construct hang together or operate in consistent ways.
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Population
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A whole group of people that researchers want to research; everybody in a given area.
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Sample
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Smaller group drawn from a population
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Sampling Frame
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List of individuals in a population
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Probability Sample
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Sample collected randomly from the sample frame
-most representative -representative of entire population -uses a sample frame |
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Non-probability sample
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Not representative of population, cannot generalize findings to a larger population, does not use a sample frame
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Convenience Sample
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Samples subjects who are available, accessible, convenience (non probability)
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Purposive Sample
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Sample is selected according to a predetermined criteria (ex: people with red hair-no list of population)
-Non Probability |
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Snowball Sample
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Participants nominate other participants to be included in the sample
-Non probability |
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Quota Sample
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Similar to stratified in that important subgroups are the focus, but a specific number for each subgroup is selected and after those spots are filled no additional lparticipants are sought (no list of population)
-non probability |
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Simple Random Sample
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Numbered elements (or people) in a list are selected randomly using a random numbers table or a computer.
-probability |
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Systematic
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Every "kth" element from a list is selected (using a random starting place).
-probability |
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Stratified Sample
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Population is divided into more homogenous subgroups (these subgroups are mutually exclusive and exhaustive), the desired # of elements (or people) is then chosen from each subgroup.
-probability |
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Cluster Sampling
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Researcher gets list of groups, not individuals. Researcher randomly samples from those clusters. All individuals in those chosen clusters are then sampled.
-probability |
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Convenience Advantages and disadvantages
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Advantages-Easy, less costly
Disadvantages-maynot generalize to the population -non porbability |
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Purposive
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Non probabililty
Advantages-Can choose subjects according to purposes of study Disadvantages-may not generalize to the population |
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Snowball Sampling
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Non probability
Advantages-identify subjects who fit the purpose of the study Disadvantages-Sample may be homogenous (extremely similar), not generalizable to the population |
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Quota Sampling Advantages and Disadvantages
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Non probability
Advantages-Insures some degree of representation of the different sub-groups Disadvantages-Subjects in each group may be chosen haphazardly, may not generalize to the population |
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Systematic Sampling Advantages and Disadvantages
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Probability
Advantages-More efficient than an SRS if the population is large, is generalizable to the population Disadvantages-If elements are listed in a cyclical patter, sample may be biased. |
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Stratified Sampling Advantages and Disadvantages
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Probability
Advantages-Increased sampling efficiency, reduces sample variance by lowering sample error, assures that certain key subgroups will have suffiecient sample size for separate analysis |
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SRS Advantages and Disadvantages
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Probability
Advantages-Generalizable to teh population Disadvantages-Time-consuming, inefficient for large samples, may not be feasible for sampling frames |
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Cluster ADvantages and Disadvantages
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Probability
Advantages-Researcher doesn't have to sample from lists of individuals, only a list of clusters |
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Probability Samples
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Simple Random Sample
Systematic Sample Stratified Sample Cluster Sample Multi-stage Cluster |
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Non-probability samples
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Convenience Sample
Purposive Sample Snowball Sample Quota Sample |
