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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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true false
Ecology is limited to field studies and does not use experimental studies |
false
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Temperate forests of the Southeastern U.S. are underlain by utlisols which are weakly acidic and contain moderate base cations t/f
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false
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The Great Basin desert and the Gobi desert are located in the rainshadow of extensive Mountain rages
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t
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Ecology studies
A. include a broad spectrum of spatial scales B. include a broad spectrum of temporal scales C. are limited to macro or large scale experiments D. require multiple scales of time and space E. both A and B. |
e
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Which of the following ecological studies represents the largest spatial scale?
A. Warbler feeding zones B. Energy budgets of foraging bumblebees C. Forest nutrient budgets D. All of the above E. Both A and C represent large spatial scales |
c
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Studies of acid rain that demonstrate a loss of biodiversity in lentic systems are examples of
A. Environmental science B. Environmentalism C. Ecology D. all of the above E. both A and C |
e
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The Whittaker graph provides evidence that
A. the distribution of biomes is influenced more by variations in precipitation than temperature B. the distribution of biomes is influenced more by variations in temperature than precipitation C. temperature and precipitation interactions influence the distribution of biomes D. the Coriolis Effect controls the distribution of biomes E. both C and D |
c
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A watershed is
A. an area drained by a river or stream B. an area drained by a lake C. a synonym for precipitation shadow D. all of the above E. both A and B |
e
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In lotic systems, the transition zone from water column to upland is the
A. littoral zone D. phreatic zone B. riparian zone E. none of the above C. hyporheic zone |
b
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___________ refers to a breakdown in the thermocline of lentic systems that leads to a mixing of deep and shallow water.
A. Limnology D. Stratification B. Riffle E. none of the above C. Attenuation |
e
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According to the Army Corps of Engineers, which of the following are not used to define or delineate wetlands?
A. proximity to oceans, lakes, or streams B. presence of hydrophytic vegetation C. presence of hydric soils D. flooding during at least 12.5% of the growing season E. all of the above are used to define or delineate wetlands |
a
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Regional climate is influenced by
A. topography B. ocean currents C. atmospheric circulation D. vegetation E. all of the above |
e
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Which of the following is not a source of energy loss for a groundhog in its burrow?
A. Hm – metabolic heat D. He – evaporation B. Hr – heat or thermal radiation E. all of the above represent energy C. Hcd – conduction loss from the groundhog |
a
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____________ are organisms with a body temperature that fluctuates with environmental temperature.
A. Endotherm D. Homeotherm B. Ectotherm E. Both B&C C. Poikilotherm |
c
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Which of the following represents an advantage for endotherms?
A. more energy for biomass D. no minimal body size B. colonize areas with limited resources E. all of the above are advantages C. quickly generate heat |
c
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Short term dormancy to avoid temperature extremes is termed
A. torpor D. taiga B. acclimation E. gular fluttering C. aestivation |
a
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Reduced precipitation on the lee side of a mountain range is termed a
A. desert D. Hadley cell B. attenuation E. bummer place for a ski resort C. precipitation shadow |
c
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In central Virginia during the month of March, the major source of energy input for a star-nosed mole that is underground is
A. Solar radiation D. Metabolic heat B. Infrared radiation E. Conduction C. Evapotranspiration |
d
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The major source of energy input for a lizard during the day is
A. Solar radiation D. Metabolic heat B. Infrared radiation E. Conduction C. Evapotranspiration |
a
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The ability of an organism to adjust physiology in response to a gradual change in environmental conditions is termed
A. abiotic conditioning E. A, B, & C B. adaptation F. Both A & C C. acclimation |
c
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A study of bumblebee energy budgets is an example of
A. physiological ecology (organism level responses) B. evolutionary ecology (adaptive value of social behavior) C. population ecology (members of the hive) D. community ecology (predator-prey interactions) E. ecosystem ecology (energy flow) |
a
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Which of the following is not an example of acclimation?
A. Change in temperature tolerance for northern pike as a lake warms during the summer B. Change in optimal salinity zone for activity in killifish as the pond shrinks and becomes more salty C. Change is algal species composition from the edge to the center of a thermal hot spring D. Change in fat metabolism in response to a change in photoperiod E. All of the above are examples of acclimation |
c
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The major source of energy input for an oak leaf during the day is
A. Solar radiation D. Metabolic heat B. Infrared radiation E. Convection C. Evapotranspiration |
a
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The benthic zone refers to
A. the bottom surface of a stream B. the bottom surface of a lake C. the bottom surface of the ocean D. all of the above E. the area where ground water occurs in desert environments |
d
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Heat loss in endothermic homeotherms exposed to cold temperatures may be reduced by the adjacent positioning of veins and arteries flowing from and to extremities. This is known as
A. thermogenesis D. counter current exchange B. gular fluttering E. aestivation C. attenuation |
d
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The disadvantages of endothermy include
A. High energy cost D. All of the above B. Less energy for reproduction E. Both A & B C. Rapid physical exhaustion |
a
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Plants with deep roots that draw water from groundwater are
A. hydrophytes D. both A and B B. phreatophytes E. both B and C C. lentiphytes |
b
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The thermal neutral zone
A. represents a temperature range where an organism’s heat loss equals heat gain. B. represents a temperature range where metabolic rate doesn’t change. C. occurs in the metalimnion D. is required for life to exist around deep sea vents E. both A and B |
b
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In aquatic microclimates, the high specific heat refers to:
A. the large amount of heat absorbed by water as it evaporates B.the capacity of water to absorb heat with out changing temperature C. the heat that water gives up to its environment as it freezes D. all of the above E. none of the above |
b
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As environmental temperatures drop below the thermal neutral zone, the metabolic rate of homeotherms
A. decreases B. remains constant C. increases D. stops E. none of the above |
c
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In soils the zone of illuviation sits ___________ the zone of eluviation and is the zone of _________
A. above, maximum accumulation B. above, maximum leaching C. below, maximum leaching D. below, minimum accumulation E. none of the above |
e
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For many plants an excess of water leads to
A. increased growth B. physiological damage due to anaerobic conditions C. greater water uptake D. greater flower and seed production E. both A and C |
b
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Which of the following is not a component of water potential?
A. osmotic potential D. pressure potential B. matric potential E. all of the above are components C. kinetic potential |
c
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Which of the following is an example of a poikilohydric plant?
A. Isoetes B. Pleopeltis C. Potentilla D. Encilia E. Larrea |
b
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__________ is the genetic contribution of an individual’s descendents to future generations.
A. A strategy D. Allelopathy B. Natural selection E. none of the above C. Selection pressure |
e
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Animals may lose water by
A. eating D. all of the above B. evaporation E. both B and C C. secretions |
b
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Which of the following processes is considered to be autotrophic
A. photosynthesis B. chemosynthesis by nitrifying bacteria C. chemosynthesis by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria D. all of the above E. none of the above |
d
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Which of the following statements concerning populations is false?
A. a subset of a species B. a group of potentially inbreeding individuals C. a unit of evolution D. distribution a function of resource availability E. distribution a function of biotic interactions |
b
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Most marine bony fish exist in a hypertonic solution (salt water). Which of the following statements concerning osmoregulation in these fish is false?
A. water diffuses from the gills to the surrounding sea water B. specialized cells in the gills secrete Na and Cl ions C. water is absorbed through the skin and the Na and Cl ions are excluded D. water and salt are taken in when eating E. all of these statements are true |
c
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Which of the following does not apply to metapopulations?
A. subpopulations living in separate locations B. significant environmental differences among the subpopulations C. active exchange of individuals among the populations D. all of the above apply to ecotypes and therefore do not apply to metapopulations E. both B and C. |
b
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Attenuation refers to
A. when population growth stabilizes at the carrying capacity. B. when a female replaces herself during her lifetime. C. a decrease in light intensity as you move away from the source. D. the vertical orientation of trees in a forest. E. none of the above. |
c
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Within population life tables, the column lx refers to
A. the average number of individuals alive in age class x B. the number of individuals alive at the beginning of age class x C. the number of females alive in age class x D. the number of years to be lived by individuals in age class x E. none of the above |
b
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Which of the following does not apply to the concept of ecotypes?
A. Most common in species with a broad geographic range B. Variable selection pressures among the ecotypes C. Changes in gene frequencies represent local adaptations D. Active exchange of individuals and genes among ecotypes E. More common in plants than in animals |
d
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Fresh water mosquito osmoregulation
A. requires these organisms to excrete large volumes of water B. requires these organisms to absorb salts from the water C. allows these organisms to store salt and water much the same as succulent plants D. all of the above E. both A and B |
e
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Clumped distribution of resources leads to which dispersion pattern?
A. clumped D. both A and C B. regular E. all three patterns C. random |
a
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Desert cicadas survive in the desert when air temperatures exceed their lethal limit because they
A. burrow in the ground B. they evaporatively cool by secreting fluids from plants C. remain in small patches of shade D. all of the above E. both B and C |
e
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Which of the following is not considered an adaptation for drought tolerance in the kangaroo rat
A. Migration D. Concentrated urine B. Dry feces E. Uses water generated from metabolism of C. Nocturnal behavior carbohydrates |
a
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Which statement is correct concerning the regulation of water loss?
A. Plants regulate water loss by root uptake of water and animals through drinking B. Plants regulate water loss by controlling stomatal opening and animals through excretion C. Plants regulate water loss by CAM and animals by using metabolic water D. Plants cannot regulate water loss E. None of the above is correct. |
b
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The age structure pyramid for a growing population
A. must be inverted B. has a wide base and gradually slopes to a narrow top C. has the same number of individuals in each age group D. must contain more reproducing individuals than juveniles (i.e. pre-reproductive) E. none of the above |
b
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In population growth studies, λ refers to the
A. intrinsic rate of growth B. the geometric rate of increase for discrete generation populations C. wavelength of UV light that leads to the most mutations in the gene pool D. generation time E. both A and B |
b
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Kranz leaf anatomy occurs in
A. C-3 plants D. both A and B B. C-4 plants E. both B and C C. CAM plants |
b
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Ecological density is always greater than crude density
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t
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The success of a life history strategy depends on the environment
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t
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Metapopulations occur in animals but in plants these are referred to as ecotypes.
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f
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Populations may be comprised of several species.
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f
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Dispersion patterns do not change as populations age.
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f
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Exponential growth seldom occurs in nature.
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f
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On small scales, individuals within populations are distributed in patterns that may be random, regular, or clumped; on larger scales, individuals within a population are clumped.
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t
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All autotrophs require sunlight.
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f
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The three carbon molecule, PGA, is the first stable intermediate of the C-3 pathway but this molecule also occurs in the C-4 and CAM pathways.
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f
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The light reactions of photosynthesis must occur in the light and the dark reactions must occur in the dark.
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f
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Adaptations for drought avoidance often conflict with adaptations for high temperature avoidance.
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t
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For every strategy or component of life history, there are tradeoffs that often affect the survivorability of the organism.
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t
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Carrying capacity can be calculated from information available in a population life table.
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f
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Logistic growth refers to the rapid, unlimited production of individuals when there is no environmental resistance.
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f
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For both plants and animals there is a strong relationship between size and intrinsic rate of growth; larger species have higher per capita rates of increase.
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f
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A type I survivorship curve is characterized by a rapid die off of older organisms after a relatively long life with a low probability of mortality.
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t
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Territoriality, or antagonistic interactions, often lead(s) to clumped distribution patterns as organisms avoid aggressive individuals
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f
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Water always moves down a gradient from high water potential to low water potential; therefore, water must move from the soil, up through the plant, and into the atmosphere.
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t
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A species is a subset of a population because individuals in a population must interbreed, whereas individuals within a species must only have the potential to interbreed.
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f
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Most crop plants are
A. C-3 D. all three pathway are equally B. C-4 represented in crops C. CAM E. none of the above |
a
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Which type of migration maintains headwater populations of fish and benthic macroinvertebrates in lotic ecosystems
A. drift D. all of the above B. spates E. both B and C C. contranatant |
c
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The three life states of organisms are
A. Type I, Type II, and Type III B. C-3, C-4, and CAM C. random, regular, and clumped D. none of the above E. both A and B |
d
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The term "Ro" refers to
A. net reproductive rate B. crude birth rate C. the proportional increase in the population over time D. log of population density E. both A and C. |
a
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Crude density is
A. number of individuals per unit area B. number of individuals per unit of suitable habitat C. equal to the carrying capacity D. both A and B E. both B and C |
a
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Which of the following cannot be obtained from information provided in a population life table?
A. survivorship curves B. age specific mortality rates C. life expectancy D. carrying capacity E. all of the above information can be obtained |
d
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The term “r” refers to
A. the per capita rate of increase for a population B. the intrinsic rate of increase for a population C. the proportional increase in a population per unit time D. the fractional increase in a population per unit time E. all of the above. |
e
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Which of the following life table parameters is not needed to estimate “r”
A. x D. lx B. ex E. all of the above are needed C. mx |
b
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Experimental transplants of populations of Potentilla glandulosa along an elevational gradient in California
A. demonstrated the presence of a metapopulation B. showed that phenotypic differences among the populations were environmental and not due to genetic differences C. concluded that the populations were really distinct ecotypes D. both A and B E. both B and C |
c
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In the process of chemosynthesis
A. bacteria use sunlight to fix nitrogen or sulfur instead of carbon B. bacteria use the chemical energy contained in reduced forms of sulfur and nitrogen to form the ATP needed to fix carbon molecules into sugar C. light is not required D. none of the above E. both B and C |
e
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The most common pattern in nature.
A. clumped D. both A and C B. regular E. all three patterns C. random |
a
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Sacrificing your genome for the well being of another is termed
a. adaptive behavior d. allochthonous input b. reciprocal stabilization e. altruism c. social parasitism |
e
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Synchronized reproduction in prey populations to ensure survival by over saturating the predator population is termed,
a. Lotka-Volterra d. compensatory production b. a paradox e. none of the above c. predator attenuation |
e
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