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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cytokine/hematopoietic growth factor acceptor- describe cascade (enzyme-linked receptor)
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Dimerization of receptor-->
JAK tyrosine kinases phosphorylated-->activate STAT--> activates transcription |
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signal termination- two mechanisms
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receptor internalization (can be degraded or recycled)
receptor desensitization- protein binding of receptor blocks transduction |
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Gs signaling protein- what do the subunits do?
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alpha subunit increases adenylate cyclase activity, beta-gamma subunits increase phospholipase C activity
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Gi signaling protein- what do the subunits do?
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alpha subunit decreases adenylate cyclase activity, beta-gamma subunits decrease adenylate cyclase and Ca channel activity
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Describe phospholipase C cascade
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phospholipase C activates release of diacylglycerol and IP3; DAG binds PKC, IP3 opens Ca channel--> activates PKC
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Describe the adenylyl cyclase cascade
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adenylyl cyclase produces cAMP--> activates PKA, which phosphorylates transcription factor--> affects transcription
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mechanisms of cholera and pertussis toxins, respectively
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Gs-alpha subunit cannot be turned off (inability of absorb sodium, water in gut);
Gi inactivated, leads to respiratory epithelial damage |
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role of Ras G-protein in signal transduction
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GDP/GTP relay switch (SOS facilitates switch, GAP turns off Ras)
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role of SH2 and SH3 domains of non-receptor tyrosine kinases
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SH2 domains recognize tyr-P of receptors
SH3 domains recognize proline residues |
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signal for protein transport into mitochondria
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amphipathic alpha-helix (note: transportation is post-translational)
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ATP dependence of protein transport into mitochondria
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removal of hsp70 chaperones (in cytosol) and mitochondrial hsp60 chaperones
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mitochondrial mRNA have what characteristic ending?
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end with just a U- the poly A tail completes the stop translation codon
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What is contained in the D loop of the mitochondrial genome?
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promoter for H, promoter for L, origin of H, and conserved sequence blocks
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2 key principles in mtDNA replication
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transcription is bidirectional
transcription and translation are coupled (transcription at L strand serves as primer for H strand) |
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overall energetic gain (kcal/g) from sugars and fatty acids
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4kcal/g from sugars
9kcal/g from fatty acids |
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FA oxidation in mitochondria
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1 acetyl CoA, 1 NADH, 1 FADH2 gained
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bioenergetics of glycogen breakdown
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carbons enter mitochondria as pyruvate, 2 NADH generated by glycolysis in cytsol, 1 NADH generated via pyruvate-->acetyl CoA
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what is the P:O ratio
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number of inorganic phosphates incorporated per molecule of O2 consumed (note P:O for NADH is 3:1)
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What are the intermediate steps in the glycerol phosphate shuttle
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DHAP reduced to glyceraldehyde-3-P, gly-3-P reduces FAD to FADH2
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key reaction in malate-aspartate shuttle in mitochondria
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NADH reduces OAA to malate outside the mitochondria- malate is transported into the matrix- and the reverse occurs in the matrix
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Describe ADP/ATP transport in/out of the mitochondria
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antiporter that rides the voltage gradient of the cell (remember ATP is 4-, ADP is 3-)
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Describe pyruvate/Pi transport into the mitochondria
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pyruvate/Pi import coupled with proton import (electrostatically neutral, osomotically favored)
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The subunits of ATP synthase
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F1 unit is the ATPase (alpha, beta subunits turn, delta-gamma subunits transmit rotation)
F0 unit is the proton channel A-b unit anchors F1 to membrane |
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What is the rate limiting step in the function of ATP synthase
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the release of ATP, caused by rotation of F0 as a result of a proton crossing the membrane
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Prosthetic groups of electron carriers
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heme groups
some have iron-sulfur clusters |
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Where does FADH2 enter the electron transport chain
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coenzyme Q
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relation between protons pumped, electron pairs, and ATP
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10 H+ pumped/e- pair
1 ATP/ 4 H+ pumped 2.5 ATP/e- pair 1.5 ATP/e- pair from FADH2 |
