Sf Unit 1 Apoptosis, Ion Channels, And Cytoskeleton

Front 1

major differences between apoptosis and necrosis

Back 1

apoptosis- chromatin condense, membrane blebbing, engulfed by nearby cells, clean
necrosis- cell swells, inflammation, messy

Front 2

Biochemical processes of apoptosis

Back 2

acidification, DNA degraded, proteolysis, phosphatidylserine flipped out to face ECM

Front 3

TUNEL staining

Back 3

stains nuclei that have DNA that have undergone strand breaks

Front 4

which gene are caspases related to

Back 4

CED-3 gene

Front 5

3 major duties of caspases

Back 5

inactivate survival proteins, activate pro-apoptotic proteins, dismantle cytoskeleton

Front 6

Describe extrinsic death receptor activation

Back 6

TNF-alpha ligand binds to receptor with death domain-->trimerization-->FADD adapter-->proCasp gather and activate each other

Front 7

Describe intrinsic death receptor activation

Back 7

Bcl-2 promote/inhibit release of cytC--> with Apaf-1 form apoptosome--> proCasp activate each other

Front 8

Describe activity of some survival proteins

Back 8

Bcl-2 prevents release of cyt C
inhibition of apoptosome formation
FLIP competitive inhibitor for death domain
Inhibit active caspases

Front 9

partition coefficient (in relation to solute/solvents)

Back 9

ratio of concentration of compound in 2 immiscible solvents at equilibrium

Front 10

carriers are either transporters or active carriers- describe the two

Back 10

transporters bind solute, undergo conformation change, solute goes down gradient
active carriers either couple down gradient with up gradient process or use ATP

Front 11

Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC)- what does it do and where is it?

Back 11

1 Na+, 1 K+, 2Cl- all in same direction, kidney

Front 12

Na/K pump- what does it do, how does it work

Back 12

sends 3 Na+ out of the cell when phosphorylated, brings 2 K+ into the cell when dephosphorylated

Front 13

Nernst equation

Back 13

membrane potential = (RT/zF)*ln([x]1/[x]2)

Front 14

What is a membrane's Nernst potential?

Back 14

equilibrium when electrostatic forces and osmotic forces are balanced (requires energy to keep actual potential different from membrane potential)

Front 15

Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation- what does it give you?

Back 15

It determines the membrane potential for any cell

Front 16

inactivation versus deactivation of ion channels

Back 16

sodium channels are inactivated when "ball" sterically blocks opening of channel
potassium channels are deactivated once the stimulus is removed

Front 17

Ionotropic vs metabotropic ligand-gated channels

Back 17

ionotropic- ligand binding provides energy for conformational change
metabotropic- middle step present between binding and channel opening (e.g. G protein)

Front 18

% of voltage-gated channels open relative to membrane potential

Back 18

Boltzmann distribution

Front 19

Describe shunting inhibition relative to "leaky" channels

Back 19

with more channels open, resistance across membrane drops, leading to smaller voltage change and shorter duration of spike

Front 20

General anesthetics- idea about mechanism

Back 20

KNCK K+ channels mediate activity in thalamocortical neurons involved in rest/sleep

Front 21

Difference between action of benzo and barbiturates on GABAa receptor

Back 21

benzo- increases probability of channel opening
barbiturates- prolong channel open time

Front 22

Pathogenesis of long QT syndrome

Back 22

genes or medication- KCNQ channel disrupted- reduces rate of repolarization

Front 23

Pathogenesis of epilepsy (one example)

Back 23

slow inactivation of sodium channels

Front 24

Describe function of intermediate filaments keratin and lamin

Back 24

Keratin: protects against tissue splicing
Lamin: protects integrity of nucleus

Front 25

What do MAPS and +TIPS do?

Back 25

MAPS stabilize MTs and connect them to capping proteins
+TIPs bind to + end of MTs, anchor MTs to targets (part of search and capture)

Front 26

Describe actin's role in cell crawling and polarity

Back 26

ARP complexes generate actin polymerization network that pushes cell forward
actin network directs flow of organelles, vesicles around cell

Front 27

cilia power stroke relies of activity of which MT motor?

Back 27

dyneins

Front 28

Phalloidin/Cytochalasin,
taxol/monastrol- what do they do?

Back 28

stabilize/destabilize actin/MTs, respectively