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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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gene
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A stretch of DNA that encodes for a protein
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humans have genes in ___ pairs of chromosomes
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23
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humans have ___ total chromosomes
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46
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alleles
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2 versions of the same gene
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conjugation
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Contact between two bacteria accompanied by the transfer of a short stretch of DNA from one to the other
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what consists of a maternal and a paternal component?
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genes, chromosomes
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single cells reproduce by...
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...fission or mitosis
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what's the advantage of a big gamete?
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provides energy for division and growth
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what's the advantage of a small gamete?
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doesn’t have to give up as many proteins
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male and female were produced through..
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...disruptive selection
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mitosis =
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cell division
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In mitosis, _____ chromosomes get duplicated, and _____ goes to each resulting cell
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all 23 pairs of; a complete copy
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in mitosis, you start with ___ chromosomes and end up with 2 resulting cells, each with ____ chromosomes
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46, 46
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in meiosis, you start with ___ chromosomes and end up with 2 resulting cells, each with ____ chromosomes
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46, 23
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in meiosis, _____ of chromosomes from each pair is duplicated passed on
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only one
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in mitosis, _____ of chromosomes from each pair is duplicated passed on
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both
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Recombination
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Chromosome will break off, sister chromosome breaks off, swap pieces and join back together
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Recombination creates...
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zygotes with maternal and paternal genes on each chromosome
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recombination happens in...
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...meiosis
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gametes are...
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...haploid (half of the chromosome pair)
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in mitosis, _____ of chromosomes from each pair is duplicated passed on
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both
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zygotes are...
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...diploid (full pair of chromosomes)
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Recombination
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Chromosome will break off, sister chromosome breaks off, swap pieces and join back together
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____ doubles the amount of resulting genes
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asexual
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Recombination creates...
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zygotes with maternal and paternal genes on each chromosome
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what small organisms can sexually reproduce?
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bacteria
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virgin birth
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parthenogenesis
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recombination happens in...
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...meiosis
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gametes are...
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...haploid (half of the chromosome pair)
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what 3 vertebrates use parthenogenesis?
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lizards, turkeys, komodo dragons
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zygotes are...
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...diploid (full pair of chromosomes)
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what insects use parthenogenesis?
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aphids?
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____ doubles the amount of resulting genes
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asexual
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Paternity testing keeps track of...
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...which alleles came from which parent
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what small organisms can sexually reproduce?
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bacteria
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3 benefits of sexual reproduction
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remove harmful mutations, produce new mutations, fight parasites/disease
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whiptail lizards are...
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...all females
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virgin birth
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parthenogenesis
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what 3 vertebrates use parthenogenesis?
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lizards, turkeys, komodo dragons
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hermaphrodites make...
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...both kinds of gametes
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what insects use parthenogenesis?
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aphids
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Paternity testing keeps track of...
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...which alleles came from which parent
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3 benefits of sexual reproduction
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remove harmful mutations, produce new mutations, fight parasites/disease
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whiptail lizards are...
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...all females
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hermaphrodites make...
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...both kinds of gametes
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which species use external fertilization?
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aquatic ones
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in external fertilization...
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...sperm and egg tend to be similar sized
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oviparity
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female lays egg and development continues outside of body
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2 mammals that use oviparity
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spiny anteater, platypus
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viviparity
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fertilized egg remains inside female and develops there
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birth in viviparity is called...
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...parturition
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where males congregate for mating
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lek
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When males and females are structurally different
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sexual dimorphism
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when might males be smaller than females?
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When delivering sperm is dangerous or when males invest more in offspring
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name a species where males care for offspring
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jacanas
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prairie voles are...
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...monogamous
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mountain voles are...
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...polygamous
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When times are good...
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first choice in husband maximized possible offspring
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When times are hard...
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females that choose more than one mate maximize offspring
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mate guarding
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Male stays close to female (especially when in estrous) and discourage other males
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infanticide
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Males kill infants when they take control of pack to make females spread male genes
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sperm plugs
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Glands secrete sticky solution that fits around cervix after ejaculation, helps sperm get upstream
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more sperm competition -->
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bigger testes
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who suggested natural selection should favor behavior that helps your relatives reproduce
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Hamilton
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3 species with kin selection
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jays, bees, ants
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