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119 Cards in this Set
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Sexuality in infants |
-derive physical pleasure from tactile contact with caregivers and from sucking -may stimulate own genitals -children not given opportunity to be attached to adult may develop difficulty relating to others |
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Sexuality in toddlers |
-child notices physical differences bw genders and may begin to compare genitals and engage in physical displays of affection -if parents react negatively, they can feel shameful and guilty about sexuality |
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Askable parents |
-welcome opportunities to talk to children about sexuality and take advantage of teachable moments |
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Sexuality in preadolescence |
-masturbation primary form of sexual expression -dating interest increases -tend to be segregated by sex and face peer pressure to conform to gender and social norms |
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Sexualization |
when people are made to feel that their value is linked to their sex appeal when they are sexually objectified -eating disorders, depression |
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Puberty |
females go through menarche and develop breasts, pubic and armpit hair and wider hips males have testes, scrotum and penis enlarge, voice deepen, and erections increase |
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Casual sexual relationships |
1. One-night stands 2. Booty calls 3. F**k buddies 4. Friends with benefits
-differ in terms of frequency of contact, type of contact (sexual vs. social), personal disclosure, discussion of relationship, and friendship |
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Sexuality and disability |
-may have internalized negativity about bodies and may feel unsexy -sex may require additional communication and creativity -controversy about how far caregiver interferes in sexual activity and decisions |
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Legal rights for common-law relationships |
-entitled to many but not all of same legal rights as married -financial protection for lower earner not guaranteed after separation
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Cohabiting couples |
-may have higher frequency of sex than married or dating people -50% more likely to get divorced than couples who haven't lived together |
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Marital satisfaction |
-peak during beginning, decline until mid-life, then rise again -most important factor is quality of friendship |
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Interpersonal exchange model of sexual satisfaction |
happy marriages have rewards outweighing costs, expectations of rewards and costs are being met, and perceived equality between rewards and costs -rewards include spending quality time together -costs include arguments, feeling distant, financial difficulties |
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LDRs and satisfaction |
-findings mixed -little to no face-to-face contact reported reduced levels of trust -farther apart for longer reported lower relationship satisfaction |
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Cheaters |
-tend to be male, more educated, less religious, have more sexual interests and more opportunities for sex, less satisfaction in primary relationships |
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Divorce |
1/3 of Canadian marriages -related to earlier age of marriage and less religiosity -may find dating harder -don't know as much about STIs and contrception |
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Aging |
-men have problems with erection, reaching orgasm, and interest -longer to have erections, erections are less firm and less reliable, testicles shrink and ejaculations become less fertile -women have decrease in lubrication |
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Perimenopause |
-perimenopause in late 40s -produce less estrogen and progesterone leading to mood swings, depression, sleep disturbance, fatigue, hot flashes, vaginal dryness
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Menopause |
-around 51 (last menstrual period) |
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Postmenopause |
-hormones fluctuate 5 years after postmenopause then stabilize -less sexual desire, less self-stimulation |
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Sexuality in seniors |
-can be seen negatively in nursing homes -less privacy -STI rates on rise in baby boomers -older people more susceptible to STIs because lower immune system function |
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"Normal" |
conforming to standard, usual, typical, or expected, free from physical or mental disorders -can look at statistical approach, sociocultural approach, or just behaviours that don't cause harm to any person |
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Paraphilias |
atypical sexual behaviours -DSM defines as intense and persistent sexual interests other than sexual interest in genital stimulation or preporatory fondling with phenotypically normal, physical mature, consenting human partners |
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Paraphilic disorder |
causes distress or impairment to individual or causes personal harm or risk of harm to others when acted upon -criterion A specifies qualitative nature of paraphilia and criterion B specifies negative consequences of paraphilia -individuals who meet both criteria are diagnosed if present for at least 6 months |
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Fetish |
-involves persistent and repetitive use of or dependence on non-living objects or highly specific focus on body part as primary element of sexual arousal, causing significant personal distress or psychosocial impairment -may not be able to orgasm or become aroused without it -develop in early childhood or adolescence |
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Fetish objects |
tend to be female-gender specofic -a third are somethign worn on legs or buttocks, a third are female footwear, and 10% are female underwear -feet and toes most common for body parts -bodily fluids and specific body sizes |
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Transvestic disorder |
individuals whose cross-dressing or thoughts of cross-dressing are often or always accompanied by sexual excitement and who are emotionally distressed by this -feel it impairs social functioning -if arousal is to fabrics or undergarments -> transvestic disorder with fetishism -if arousal is to thoughts of himself as female -> transvestic disorder with autogynephilia -begin in childhood and masturbate while cross-dressing during adolescence -typically married college educated males -do not necessarily experience gender dysphoria |
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Erotic target location error |
-includes autogynephilia; misdirected male heterosexuality, male attracted to woman inside themselves -others include infantilism, apotemnophilia |
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Apotemnophilia |
want to have healthy parts of body removed, sexually aroused by thoughts of being amputee -surgery illegal Acrotomophilia is sexual attraction to amputees |
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Bondage and discipline |
involves use of restraints with painful stimuli, sensory deprivation or humiliating behaviours |
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Dominance and submission |
elaborate play scripts that can permeate into all areas of life -dominant is master / top and submissive is slave / bottom |
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Sadomasochism |
in context of consenting BDSM -rituals and scripts surrounding infliction and receiving of pain in sexual context |
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Sexual sadist |
derives sexual pleasure from inflicting physical pain or psychological suffering on other person, often to gain power or humiliate |
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Sexual sadism disorder |
recurrent and intense sexual arousal from physical or psychological suffering of another person -acted upon urges with non-consenting person, or urges cause significant distress / impairment |
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Masochist |
person who derives sexual pleasure by experiencing pain, humiliation or suffering -may desire to escape from self-awareness and remove pressures and responsibilities of control |
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Sexual masochism disorder |
involves recurrent and intense sexual arousal from act of being humiliated, beaten, bound, as manifested by fantasies, urges or behaviours, that cause significant distress or impairment |
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Hypersexuality |
excessive insatiable sex drive that leads person to continually pursue sexual encounters despite negative consequences -associated with other risk-taking behaviours -impulsivity problems -estimated to affect 3-6% of population -significant impairment and daily and social functioning |
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Persistent genital arousal disorder |
-in women called priaprism in men |
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Courtship disorder |
disturbance in partnered sexual activity, including looking for and finding partner, approaching partner, non-genital physical touching and sexual intercourse |
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Voyeuristic disorder |
recurrent and intense sexual arousal from observing unsuspecting person who is naked, in process of disrobing, and/or engaging in sexual activity -manifested as fantasies, urges or behaviours -person has either acted on urges with non-consenting person, or urges and fantasies have caused distress or impairment -unsuspecting victim is key and fear of getting caught -abnormal when preferred to partnered sex, when it interferes with daily activities or when it involves crimes |
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Exhibitionistic disorder |
recurrent and intense sexual arousal from exposure of one's genitals to unsuspecting person -either act on urge with non-consenting person or experience distress / impairment -victim's reaction creates sexual excitement -may masturbate while exposing or think about experience while masturbating -many hope that victims will want to have sex with them or have positive reaction |
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Telephone scatologia |
verbal exhibitionism in which person becomes aroused by making sexually explicit phone calls based on reaction of victim -may masturbate during call, threaten going to victim's home, or pose as police or surveyer to coerce individual |
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Frotteuristic diosrder |
fantasizing about or engaging in rubbing against non-consenting person for sexual gratification -either act on urge with non-consenting person or experience distress / impairment -usually occur in public, crowded areas |
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Biastophilia |
erotic interest in committing rape -prefer rape to sexual interaction with consenting partners |
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Pedophilic disorder |
recurrent, intense, sexually arousing fantasies or urges involving sexual activity with prepubescent child, usually 13 or younger -either act on urge with non-consenting person or experience distress / impairment -typically attracted to specific age ranges -Tanner stage 1 (classic type) for prepubescent, hebephilic and pedohebephilic for pubescent children |
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Other fetishes |
beastiality / zoophilia = animals asphyxiophilia = oxygen deficiency coprophilia = feces urophilia = urine necrophilia = corpse hypephilia = textures klismophilia = enemas stigmatophilia = piercings and tattoos |
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Sex tourism |
governements may turn blind eyes because of profit -justify behaviour by thinking non-Western children are less inhibited, or racialized view seeing foreign children as less human |
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Psychoanalytic theory on paraphilias |
results from castration anxiety and Oedipus complex -fetish replaces mother's missing penis and reduces castration anxiety -last object seen by boy prior to realization of mother's missing penis (why it's feminine) -sexual abuse or trauma results in inability to maintain healthy relationships |
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Behavioural theory on paraphilias |
occurs through classical conditioning; object or action comes to be paired with sexual arousal -if normal sexual curiosity is discouraged, child may redicrect sexual energy to permitted obejct -media sexualizes women (why fetishes are feminine objects and violence towards women) |
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Neurological findings on pedophiles |
-lower IQs, deficits in brain activation when viewing sexual pictures of adults and more activation in amygdala when looking at children, structural differences in gray matter volume in certain areas -may suffer from cognitive distortions |
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Child sex offenders |
-online offenders more likely to commit another crime than contact-only sex offenders -most not violent -some argue that sex with consenting children is not harmful -many were abused as children |
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Evolutionary perspective on paraphilias |
would be beneficial for males to become aroused to variety of stimuli to inseminate as many females as possible |
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Assessment for paraphilic treatment |
consists of interview about background, physical / mental health and sexual / relationship history -malingering and downplaying symptoms can occur -psychometrics may be conducted |
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Penile plethysmography |
-circumferential method uses penile strain gauge -volumetric method involves penis in airtight glass tube can be used to assess age and gender preference, coercive vs. consenting preference -lacks standardized guidelines for how much measures indicate sexual preference |
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Treatment for paraphilic disorders |
-initially surgical castration -treatment can focus on management of interest and integration in more healthy and acceptable manner -group treatments can reduce isolation and shame -CBT and relapse prevention paired in group settings to improve social skills |
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Megan's Law |
allows public to view list of all registered sex offenders in US -can create false sense of security -isolates offenders, increasing risk of recividism -convictions are not all the same in severity |
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Satiation therapy |
cleint masturbates to appropriate fantasy and masturbates again afterwards to undesired fantasy |
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Orgasmic reconditioning |
client masturbates to paraphilic fantasy until point of orgasm, where fantasy is switched to socially acceptable one |
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Aversion therapy |
fantasies are linked with unpleasant stimulus (smell or shock) |
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Pharmacological treatment for pedophilia |
anti-depressants and then anti-androgen to reduce sex drive -chemical castration has other side effects like reduction in overall sex drive -patients may take enhancement drugs -may not be useful for violent offenders |
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Affectional orientation |
interaction between affect and cognition such that it produces attraction, erotic desire, and feelings of love for members of other / same sex |
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Klein sexual orientation grid |
measures sexual attraction, sexual behaviour, sexual fantasies, emotional preference, social preference, self-identification and hetero / homo lifestle from 1-7 in terms |
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Sexuality questionnaire |
measures interest in males and interest in females on sexual attraction, sexual fantasies, sexual preference, propensity to fall in love, being in love and sexual partners |
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Sexual identity label |
socially constructed entail certain self-perceptions and world views personal significance to individual, may change over lifetime |
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Queer |
tries to avoid sexual identity labels |
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Asexuality |
low levels of sexual attraction lack of interest in sexual behaviour lack of sexual orientation lack of sexual attraction -do not find distress at low sexual desire -emphasize romantic vs. sexual aspect of relationships |
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Heterosexism |
homophobia, biphobia, queerphobia, homonegativity |
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Internalized homophobia |
gays and lesbians hate themselves and other gays and lesbians, convince themselves they are not attracted to same sex |
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Conversion therapy |
unethical because designed to fix minority deemed to have undesirable traits and does not avoid ringing harm to client -increased suicide rates, anxiety and depression, decreased self-esteem, increased feelings of shame and self-loathing, sexual dysfunction, loss of connections, increased aggression and hostility, social isolation |
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LGBTIQQ affirmation therapy |
promotes equality |
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Issues with orientation research |
-researchers assume heterosexuality is default and this affects how they frame questions about development of orientation -researchers rely on sexual identity label to separate participants into groups |
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Biological explanations for male-male sexuality |
-part of hypothalamus 2-3x smaller, corpus callosum larger in gay men -brain may be activated differently in gays and lesbians -gay men more frequently left-handed -gay men more likely to have more older brothers (maternal immunization and anti-male antibodies) -may be determined by prenatal hormones (testosterone) -when one twin was homosexual, increased chance of both twins being homosexual -gay brothers share Xq28 allele -lower levels of circulating androgens in adult heterosexual men |
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Psychosocial explanations for male-male sexuality |
-affectional orientation not dependent on that of parents -no evidence that childhood sexual abuse can alter one's orientation -social and cultural influences can significantly shape gender and sexual identity, but less clear if they have impact on falling in love with certain gender |
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Cass's 6 stages of gay and lesbian development |
1. Identity confusion: labels some thoughts / behaviours as homosexual 2. Identity comparison: social alienation and further questioning 3. Identity tolerance: seeks out homosexual others and subculture 4. Identity acceptance 5. Identity pride: absorbed into community, develops distrust of heterosexuals 6. Identity synthesis: integrated with identity |
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Ecological model of LGBT identity (triangles) |
recognizes sexual identity occurs within complex environmental context shaped by society, culture, spirituality, family, and peers -if individuals able to question identity, they will begin to reflect upon behaviour, cognition and affect, and if analysis suggests LGBTTIQQ identity and if positive influences outweigh negative influences, they may begin to assume identity involving inner psychological work, connecting to culture and reconnecting new identity to dominant culture |
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Self-disclosing identities |
considered necessary for optimal emotional health |
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Same-sex relationship satisfaction |
married couples happiest, followed by cohabiting couples then single people (regardless of orientation) -lesbian couples report greater relationship satisfaction because of desire for and achievement of equality in relationship, high value placed on emotional intimacy, attachment styles, conflict resolution, high self-esteem and social support -non-monogamous as satisfied as monogamous -more likely to remain friends after separation, less likely to seek partners whose demographic characteristics are similar to their own -tend to be less controlling and use fewer hostile tactics -higher likelihood of ending -lesbian couples have higher divorce rate than gay men |
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Bisexuality |
-Freud believed we are all inherently bisexual -more emotionally attracted to women but more sexually attracted to men -20% involved with men and women simultaneously, 33% living polyamorous -viewed as fence-sitters who pursue pleasure without taking on stigma of gay identity |
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Gay and lesbian sex statistics |
-gay couples have most sex, lesbians least -gays have 42.8 sexual partners, straight men 16.5, lesbians 9.4, straight women 4.6 -gay boys report having sex with other boys earlier than lesbians -typical order for gays is oral, anal, rimming, anal-dildo -typical order for lesbians is oral, vaginal-finger penetration, anilingus, vaginal-dildo and anal-dildo -most common reported sexual practices for MSM are mutual masturbation, oral, anal -most common reported sexual practices for FSF are oral, fingering, mutual masturbation, scissoring and tribadism |
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Children of same-sex parents |
-raised by lesbian mothers may demonstrate more competencies and express fewer behavioural problems -while same-sex couples are legally able to adopt children, they may be less likely to be matched to them |
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Vulvodynia |
chronic pain in genital women not attributable to identifiable cause such as infection |
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Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) |
pain localized to vulvar vestibule triggered by activities involving contact to affected area -sexual intercourse is painful, decreased desire and arousal, difficulty experiencing orgasm, less positive feelings toward erotic stimuli -feel inadequate, impaired psychological functioning and anxiety and mood issues |
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Male partners of women with PVD |
psychologiscal distress higher if partner has global, stable, and internal responsibility attributions, and if PVD is seen as female's fault -reported significantly poorer sexual communication, less affectional expression and less cohesion -reported poorer erectile function, thought vulvar pain had negatively affected their relationship and lowered sexual satisfaction |
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Advice for couples with PVD |
explore nonpenetrative, pain-free sexual and nonsexual activities focus on pleasure, communication encouraged partners are source of support |
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Female genital mutilation |
total or partial removal of female external genitalia or other injuries to female genital organs for cultural, religious, or non-therapeutic reasons -between 100-400 million women have been circumcised in African countries and Arabia |
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Types of female circumcision |
1. Sunna 2. Excision 3. Infibulation 4. Other |
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Immediate health consequences of FGM |
-hemorrhage -infection / tetanus (pastes rubbed on wounds to stop bleeding) -urine retention -intense pain -shock -damage to adjacent organs -HIV -death |
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Long term health consequences of FGM |
-UTIs -pelvic infections -infertility -retained menstrual fluid -pregnancy complications -sexual difficulties -scar tissue, dermoid cysts, keloids -abscesses |
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Consequences for birthing with FGM |
-difficult vaginal exams -difficult monitoring -prolonged labour -fistula formation -perineal tears -uterine inertia or rupture -fetal retention in brith canal -husband delays getting clinic stretcher until it's very necessary, may be too late to save her or baby |
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Statements on FGM |
duty of international humanitarian organizations to support policies and programs that bring end to damaging practise of FGM in all forms, prevent it becoming institutionalized in formal health care system |
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Reasons for FGM |
-religious requirements and tradition, protection of virginity nad beauty -guarantee of marriage and economic security -not having procedure may be more psychologically more disturbing than having it done |
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FGM procedure |
takes 15-20 mins, performed with knives, scissors, glass, razors, by designated elderly woman or traditional birth attendants -instrument may not be washed -crude tools, poor light, poor eyesight, struggling girls -commonly performed from 4-10 years old, mean age 5.7 |
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FGM study findings about procedure |
-most were very excited and envious of others before circumcision, but after they experienced extreme pain, illness, fear and unhappiness, as well as feeling special, happy and proud -most reported having additional surgery (3.2 timeson average) |
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FGM study conclusions |
-caregivers should be better prepared for women's needs and issues of cultural differences, sensitive treatment and respectful care -need to develop ways to help them give birth naturally with minimal intervention -may need to involve woman's family |
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Types of influences of sexual problems |
1) Intrapsychic 2) Interpersonal / Relational 3) Cultural / Psychosocial 4) Organic |
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Intrapsychic development of sexual functioning |
-learn about bodies and sexuality from way our parents treat us and way they treat each other -sense of taboo around sexuality can make it difficult to communicate freely in adulthood about sexuality -discomfort with sexuality if one is sexually abused or assaulted (doubt who can be trusted, feel unsafe, shame and guilt about sexuality) -low self-esteem, fear of being inadequate, fear of pregnancy and STIs and performance anxiety can make it harder to enjoy sex |
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Interpersonal development of sexual functioning |
-sexual problems can stem from underlying difficulties in relationship -lack of communication, problems with conflict resolution, affairs, jealousy, distrust, fear of being disappointed and hurt |
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Cultural development of sexual functioning |
-religious teachings -explicit lessons aim at teaching children what not to do without positive messages about how to express sexuality -Canadian schools focus on reproduction and STIs but not pleasure or desires -myths reinforced by media |
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Organic development of sexual functioning |
-hypothyroidism and anemia contribute to low desire -physical factors after giving birth can cause low desire -disorders, diseases and injuries causing damage to CNS can affect sensation/movement and have adverse impact on sex (diabetes) -all drugs can affect sexual functioning, response and desire (recreational drugs, hormonal contraceptives, medication) |
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Erectile dysfunction |
difficulty maintaining erection -can be generalized or specific -anything that interferes with blood flow to penis or enjoyment of stimulation to penis |
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Phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors |
help arteries of corpora cavernosa dilate more readily and stay that way if man is sexually stimulated -Viagara, Cialis, etc |
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Rapid ejaculation |
if they ejaculate within 60 seconds of penetration 75% of time for 6 months or longer -could be caused by anxiety, lack of control, genetic factors, penile hypersensitivity -could just be due to man's unrealistic expectations of how long he should last -home remedies include using 2 condoms, numbing creams, or thinking distracting thoughts -need to shift focus from lasting longer to giving each other more pleasure (increase threshold for pleasure) |
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Delayed ejaculation (male anorgasmia) |
can be due to psychotropic drugs like anti-depressants -man who can orgasm alone but not with partner may have developed certain masturbatory style, may not have been aroused enough -need to pay more attention to how men actually feel during sex |
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Dyspareunia in men |
pain during intercourse -can be caused by diseases like STIs, cancerous diseases of prostate and testes, Peyronie's -treatment focuses on underlying disease |
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Female sexual arousal disorder |
focus too much on lubrication and not on root of problem -factors include lack of attraction to partner, recent argument, history of sexual assault, fatigue and stress, fear of pregnancy and STIs, drugs -reduced estrogen after breastfeeding or menopause can cause vaginal dryness, as well as anti-histamines, oral contraceptives, diuretics, chemo and radiation |
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Anorgasmia in women |
primary anorgasmia related to woman's lack of knowledge of own body and sexual response -not aware of clitoral stimulation and understanding what leads to orgasm secondary anorgasmia caused by pharmacological side effects or psychological or interpersonal difficulties -counselling includes bibliotherapy, informing, focusing on clitoral stimulation |
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Dyspareunia in women |
genital or pelvic pain during/after sexual activity -itching or burning of vulva or vagina or deep within pelvis -during examination, physician should reproduce pain and focus on underlying cause of pain |
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Vaginismus |
fear of penetration or fear of pain on penetration combined with involuntary spasm at opening of vagina -could be adaptive response to fear or reluctance to engage in intercourse -woman may have been exposed to sex-negative messages with fear of getting pregnant, poor sex education, inaccurate info about own anatomy -could also have history of sexual abuse or assault -treatment involves graduated plastic dilators and relaxation training and pelvic floor exercises |
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Sexual desire discrepancy |
one partner's desire for sex is noticeably greater than the other's -hard to distinguish who has problem -most difficult to treat with poorest outcome -therapist needs to address interconnected underlying problems |
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History of sex therapy |
-Masters and Johnson -treatment was behaviourally oriented |
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Sensate focus exercises |
restore affection and prevent fear and demand characteristics associated with sex -touch each other without genitals for 20 mins -couples touch everywhere with no focus or aim -different exercises specific to given difficulty -non-demand genital pleasuring focuses on stimulation without intercourse |
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Spectatoring |
focus on monitoring one's functioning |
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Modern sex therapy |
focuses on eliminating sexual symptoms as obstacles to normative sexual functioning -problem with relying on PDE-5 inhibitors to fix ED is that it assumes that if symptom can be relieved by agent, then problem is lack of agent -physicians poorly equipped to deal with sexual difficulties -treatment of low sexual desire in women is controversial |
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Infibulation / Pharonic FGM |
-excision as well as removal of medial parts of labia major and adjoining of both sides by thorns or thread, leaving only small hole -legs sometimes bound together for weeks to allow scar tissue to form |
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Other types of FGM |
-piercing, pricking, cutting, burning of clitoris -cuts in or scraping of vaginal wall or surrounding areas -herbs or corrosive substance put in vagina |
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Sunna FGM |
removal of foreskin or incision or pricking of clitoris |
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FGM study findings about delivering baby and husbands |
-wedding night feared by most participants, sexual experiences usually not enjoyed -many said they would want to be left open after delivering baby and that their husbands would want them to be left open as well (most thought it should not be their own decision) -most looked to family and friends for prenatal care -women wanted less intervention in childbirth than they received -hardly any wanted C-section -hardly any wanted husband there during birth (felt pressured to have them there) -most reported hurtful comments and reactions by caregivers about genitals -most thought nurses regarded them as lazy or reluctant to cooperate -half said they would prefer a different nurse and hospital -most waited 6 months after birth to resume intercourse -half reported breastfeeding was more difficult -half said they would want circumcised daughter and half said no |
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Risk factors for being a pedophile |
-sexual deviance -antisocial traits -intimacy deficits |
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Reasons for not disclosing gay identity |
may not disclose because of feared rejection, being denied job or advancement opportunities, or communities with high homophobia |
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Causes of dyspareunia in women |
include ovulation, endometriosis, STIs, dermatologica conditions, yeast infection, childbirth, PID, ovarian cancer, or deeper underlying relationship, psychological or situational issues |
