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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Reductionism is ________ oriented
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biologically
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Reductionism or constructivism: different types of sexuality exist - discontinuity between types
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reductionism
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Reductionism: can it change over time?
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no
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Explain ED and sexual orientation from a reductionist perspective
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Reduced blood flow to penis; brain structures, in utero events
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Constructivism is ______________ oriented.
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socio-culturally
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Reductionism or constructivism: there is continuity of different sexual groups.
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Constructivism
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Constructivism: can it change over time?
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Yes - in response to culture
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Explain ED and sexual orientation from a constructivist perspective.
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Performance anxiety; childhood experience, lifestyle choices
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What type of model is Bancroft's model of sexuality, and what are its three aspects? What two things are conspicuously missing?
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Circular
biological, psychological, metapsychological (awareness) Hormones, desire |
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What type of model is Byrne's model of sexuality, and what are its three aspects? What is its problem?
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linear
external stimulation, internal processes, external behaviour it's too general |
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According to Sanders & Reinisch (1999), what percentage of people considered vaginal-penile intercourse "sex"? What percentage considered oral-genital contact "sex"?
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~80%
~40% |
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What is the current definition of "sexual health"?
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-physical, emotional, mental, and societal well-being related to sexuality
-a positive and respectful approach -possibility of pleasurable and safe experiences -sexual rights of the individual are respected, protected and fulfilled |
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What are the two advantages to studying the history of sexuality?
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Because we haven't thought of anything new, it can be helpful; documents ideas and attitudes
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What are the two disadvantages to studying the history of sexuality?
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Is what is written actually what was done?; the bias of a predominantly male perspective, many groups underrepresented
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General attitude on sexuality of ancient near east.
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Linked to supernatural and religious belief
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Attitudes on sexual variance of ancient near east.
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Highly permissive ex cross dressing, masturbation
Prostitution was a good job and came with some level of power |
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Family life of of ancient near east.
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polygamists, women = man's property; goal is to give children, marriages consummated at age 11 or 12; preoccupied with sons, evidence of circumcision
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Dealings with sexual problems in ancient near east
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used contraceptive concoctions
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General attitudes on sexuality of Hebrews
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positive as long as it led to reproduction
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Hebrew attitudes on sexual variance
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against homosexuality, cross dressing, prostitution, sex during menstruation, masturbation
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What is the significance of the story of Onan?
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loose biblical support for having a negative view of masturbation
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General attitudes on sexuality of ancient Greeks
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Obsessed with sexuality, were the first to start secularizing sex; first to document psychology of sex
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Who was first to document psychology of sex?
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ancient greeks
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Attitudes toward sexual variance of ancient greeks
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pedophilia okay, homosexuality okay
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Family life of ancient greeks
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marriage necessary for reproduction, women received little education and were portrayed negatively in literature and art
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ancient greek view on sex workers
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it was a good job - valued in society. wives were for children and prostitutes were for pleasure
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General attitudes on sexuality of Romans
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accepted sex as matter of fact, not religious or psychological
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Roman view of sexual variance
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accepted as a general fact
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Family life of romans
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3 levels of marriage (including precursor to common law marriage); some upper class women had high power
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Knowledge of sexual problems in Roman culture
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"Galen" described problems ie how to avoid exhaustion or to aid lubrication; masturbation for relief of anxiety, contraception
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General attitudes of sexuality in ancient china
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positive regarding acts that mixed yin and yang (saw yin as inexhaustible, thought yang could run out)
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Attitudes on sexual variance in ancient china
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Accepted, but not always seen as positive because didn't mix yin and yang
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Family life in ancient china
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Polygamy, rules on providing for each wife sexually
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What was the significance of foot binding in ancient chinese culture?
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small feet were a criterion of beauty and a strong sex symbol, conceptualization of woman as small, docile creatures
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General attitudes on sexuality of early christians
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celibacy was ideal, considered a necessary evil for reproduction
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Attitudes on sexual variance of early christians
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not positive, distinguished between natural and unnatural sex
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Family life of early christians
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marriage was dyadic and permanent - improved protection for women
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General attitudes on sexuality of victorianism
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conflicting views - the topic was on everyone's mind but talking about it was not acceptable, highly euphemistic
denied female sexuality |
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What aspect of sex were the victorians obsessed over?
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imagined physical hazards - thought semen was to be guarded (no masturbation) and that sex could cause neurological problems
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Who were the two fathers of sexology?
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Hirschfield and Bloch
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What is "sexualgewissenschaft" and who thought it up?
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is was a scholarly movement of sexual science by Hirschfield and Bloch
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Define "sexology"
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An interdisciplinary movement to create a systematic science
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Who created the first society for sexology?
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Hirschfield and Bloch
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What was Havelock-Ellis' background?
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British physician and literary critic
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Who wrote "Studies on the Psychology of Sex" and what made it notable?
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Havelock-Ellis; his use of case studies, his lack of boundary between normal and abnormal, developmental perspective
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General conclusions on the work of Havelock-Ellis
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good methodology, no stats or experimental method
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What was von Krafft-Ebing's background?
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German physician, forensic psychiatrist
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Who wrote "Psychopathia Sexualis" and what made it notable?
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von Krafft-Ebing; biological perspective (hereditary taint), examination of sexual beh. during seizures => brain structures influence sexuality; case history method
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When Krafft-Ebing refers to "hereditary taint", what does he mean?
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genetic determinants
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General evaluation of Krafft-Ebing
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he created the disease model! but his populations were all criminals
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Freud's background
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Viennese neurologist, became psychiatrist
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Who wrote about Anna O. and what was its significance?
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Freud; showed his case history method; explained that hysteria was a product of childhood abuse, not masturbation; success of psychotherapy
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Freud's theory of psychosexual development
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Oral, anal, phallic, latency, puberty, genital
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Freud's views on homosexality
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not an illness or a crime, a variation of normal development
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General evaluation of Freud
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cultural legacy, lasting effect of his language (anal), high explanatory power, therapeutic extension
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Kinsey's background
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american biologist - studied wasps at indiana university
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What was Kinsey's area of methodological expertise?
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interview - he was the world's best interviewer on sexuality. he had a team, but 57% of the surveys he conducted himself
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What were Kinsey's three most famous findings?
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sex dreams in women with low desire, homosexuality as a dimension, sexuality from birth to adolescence
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What concept of Darwin's evolutionary biology is most used in sex research?
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Gender differences, particularly differential motivations for sexual behaviour
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What did the Buss study show?
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Sexual preferences differing between men and women. Women preferred older men with financial prospects, while men preferred younger, chaste, and physically attractive women
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What were Masters & Johnson most interested in, regarding the study of sex?
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studying sex scientifically, in a lab! brought people into their lab to study them
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Who proposed a difference between clitoral and vaginal orgasm? Who said that actually there was no biological difference?
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Freud; Masters & Johnson
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To what do Masters & Johnson attribute each phase of their model of sexual response?
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a biological mechanism underlies each phase
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What are two problems with Masters & Johnson's model of sexual response?
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linearity, doesnt account for anorgasmic women
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What was Masters and & Johnson's model based on? What was their treatment approach?
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biology; cognitive behavioural - they started sex therapy!
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Which method of sex research is good for establishing norms?
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survey
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What might influence the reliability of the sexual survey?
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wording and its interpretation, context, mood effects
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For what political reason might surveys become invalid?
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if they are funded by big pharma!!
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How can you validate self report, such as is called for in sexual surveys?
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by conferring with partners, by looking at national statistics, by looking at lab data
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Can we believe self report?
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Unsure
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What was the issue with the Janus survey?
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wording - "are you functioning at your sexual maximum"?
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What discrepancy what highlighted by the Laumann Study?
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frequency of sex reported between men and women
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What was the point of the Branchwell & Oswald study?
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that sex once a week equates to $50,000 a year more salary, happiness-wise
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Why was desire left out of Masters & Johnson model?
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no definitive underlying biological mechanism
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What is sexual aversion disorder, which DSM did it come from, who complained of it, and where is it now?
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fear or disgust associated with sex; DSM-III-TR, only women in the late 1960s, it no longer exists.
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What model of sexual response replaced M&J's?
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Desire -> arousal ->orgasm
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What characterizes the biological model of desire?
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the source is endogenous (hormonal), desire is innate and linked to reproduction, it is a drive similar to hunger or thirst
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What are the problems with the biological model of desire?
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desire doesn't always lead to sexual (reproductive behaviour), can increase with priming
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What is the social script theory (a non-biological model of desire)?
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sexual behaviour is a set of cultural expectations at 3 levels: cultural, interpersonal, and intrapersonal
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What is the problem with social script theory?
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ignores biology, no method/data
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What is an example of a social script that endures today?
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first date gender expectations!
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What is the biopsychosocial model of desire?
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sexual desire is the sum of all forces that incline towards and away from sexual behaviour (much more simple than 1989 definition)
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The philosophical model of desire states that desire is both a drive and an emotion. What three things characterize a drive?
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it is object fixated - someone else cannot satisfy it for you
it is value indifferent - it doesn't matter if it's good or bad (like hunger - if you need food so badly it doesn't matter how you get it) it is a pusher -it motivates you to do things |
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The philosophical model of desire states that desire is both a drive and an emotion. What three things characterize an emotion?
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object flexible - feel emotions about lots of different things
value laden - get upset about things we deem right or wrong puller - emotions triggered by outside stimuli |
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What does the philosophical model imply about other models?
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That any simple theory or definition of desire is inherently flawed
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What are some behavioural measures of desire?
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number of orgasmic outlets - measure of motivation?
number of behaviours - ie minutes watching porn |
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Problems with behavioural measures of desire?
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lots of things motivate behaviour, desire doesn't always lead to behaviour, what if you can't orgasm?
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What kind of variable is sexual desire?
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cognitive! measures thoughts and interest, not actual behaviour
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What kinds of psychometric (self report) variables might be explored to look at desire?
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general desire, frequency of masturbation, attraction (desire in presence of partners), dreams
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What are the two hormonal effects on sexual desire?
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organizing effects or activating effects
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What might be the "hormone of desire?"
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androgens - discovered by Bellerose and Binik in a hormone replacement study
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What is the structure of DSM-5 sexual dysfunction disorders?
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Definition
Causes distress/personal difficulty Not better accounted for by axis I Specifiers: life-long/acquired Intensity- mild, moderate, severe |
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Define DSM-IV HSDD. What are it's problems?
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Persistent or recurrently deficient (or absent) sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity. The judgement of deficiency or absence is made by the clinician, taking into account age and context of the person's life
Definitional issues - persistent/recurring? Do fantasies matter? Correlation between desire and arousal? Uses desire to define desire |
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What is the difference between asexuality and hyposexuality?
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Lack or presence of distress!
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What did HSDD become in DSM-5?
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Female sexual interest/arousal disorder
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Female sexual interest/arousal disorder- new qualifications
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at least 3 symptoms
for about 6 months |
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What is the etiology of low desire?
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unsure - many different causes. should it be a disorder, or is it a symptom?
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What are the three current treatment approaches for low desire?
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secondary to another sexual problem
secondary to another potential aetiology secondary to hormonal factors |
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What is the non-hormonal drug that might come out for low desire?
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Flibanserin
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