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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands? |
Exocrine - Duct-based, e.g. sweat glands Endocrine - Ductless - straight to circulatory system = organs with primary function of hormone release |
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Which structure in the hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland? |
Paraventricular Nucleus - controls anterior and posterior pituitary gland function (also directly innervates parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons in medulla and spinal cord). |
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What are the three main classes of sex hormone and what glands release these? |
Androgens Estrogens Progestins Released by Gonads/Adrenal Gland |
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Which hormones with some sex-regulated function are released by anterior and posterior pituitary? |
Anterior: Prolactin - role in lactation ACTH - connected with release of cortisol Gonadtropins - message gonads to release hormones Posterior: Oxytocin - role in childbirth & lactation, relationship formation Vassopressin - some mating-related behavours, water regulation (multiple roles) |
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What is SRY and what effect does it have on gonads? |
SRY is a region on the Y chromosome.
When present it masculinises the primordial gonads (at 6 weeks primordial gonads of XX and XY are identical) |
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What are the two areas of the adrenal gland that secrete sex steroids and epinephrine? |
Adrenal Cortex - sex steroids Adrenal Medulla - Epinephrine |
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What is the difference between action of steroids vs peptide and amino-acid derived hormones? |
Steroids are: - made from cholesterol - fat soluble - can penetrate cell membranes and bind to receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus |
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How does presence of testosterone affect the fate of the Wolffian and Müllerian systems? |
Yes testosterone -> Wolffian system develops and Müllerian-inhibiting substance causes the Müllerian system to degenerate. No testosterone -> Müllerian system develops |
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Which two areas of the hypothalamus play a role in male and female sex behaviour? |
Female -> Ventromedial nucleaus Male -> Medial preoptic area |
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What three sex differences were noted in terms of adult behavior? |
- Susceptibility to dyslexia + autism greater in males - Females better on some verbal functions, Males on some spatial functions - Estradiol may protect against neurodegeneration |
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What does orchidectomy tell us about testosterone level and sexual desire in males? |
Orchidectomy = removal of testicles - Males have variety of responses Sexual desire and behaviour not straightforwardly linked to testicular testosterone. |
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What is the logic behind twin studies? What do such studies tell us about biological basis of homosexuality? |
- MZ twins share full genome - DZ twins share roughly half If a behaviour has a significant genetic component it would be shared more often by MZ twins - higher concordance rate
Homosexuality:
Females - MZ = 48%, DZ = 16% Males - MZ = 52%, DZ = 22% - Concordance for MZ sig. higher than DZ, suggests genetic element - Concordance for MZ sig. higher than DZ, suggests genetic element
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What role might be played by Estrogen exposure in the womb? |
Estrogen (diethylstillbestrol) - increased attraction to females in females (not lesbian practice) Fraternal birth order effect - % of male homosexuality increases by around 30% pre previous male pregnancy - mothers immune system may start deactivating masculinising hormones in younger sons |
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Name a brain difference associated with male homosexuality |
Medial preoptic area of hypothalamus INAH-3 size = het. male > hom. male > female |
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What structures are involved in the dopamine reward pathway? |
Prefrontal cortex Nucleus accumbens Hypothalamus Pituitary Ventral tegmental area |
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How is the female response to sexual imagery modulated by the menstrual cycle? |
Different levels of activation depending on whether they are near ovulation. |
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The action of which hormone coincides with sexual signalling with dress and behaviour in females? |
LH (Luteinising hormone)? |
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What are 'good genes' men, and how does preference for them vary with the female hormone cycle? |
Women should prefer presumed markers of genetic benefits most strongly when fertile and evaluating men as short term mates. |
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What does the study of lap dancers tell us about role of hormones in projection of sexuality by females? |
Women differ in effectiveness they can behaviourally project sexuality across menstural cycle. Women on the pill earn less on average. May be benefical physical effects around ovulation, hwv small enough they couldnt be reasonably thought to result such huge effects. |
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How does estrogen affect sexual decision-making (and risk-reward decisions) in females? |
Greater tendency among women to engage in decision-making processes relative to risk-reward scenarios when under stress-reducing infulence of estrogen |
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What brain activation has been found to covary with how much one is inlove with someone whose face is presented? |
Ventral Tegmental Area - core of dopamine reward system Caudate - part of basal ganglia, important in motivation |
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What role does oxytocin play in mothering? |
- Plays key role during childbirth (stimulates uterus contractions) - and in milk let-down during breast-feeding |
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What did Sue Carter find about oxytocin's role in pair-bonding? |
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What three things have to happen after sex for pair-bonding to take place? |
- Oxytocin action (approach) - Dopamine action ( stimulus-reward) - Opioid action (wow factor) Blocking receptors for any of these compromises pair bonding. |
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What have we learned from experiments that introduce oxytocin intranasally? What do these results suggest regarding possible role of cervical and breast stimulation in human pair-bonding? |
Intranasal (easy way to study oxytocin action) biases: - visual attention to eyes - communication to partner in positive direction - endocrine regulation towards lower stress
Oxytocin action results from physical stimulation of cervix and breast nipples.
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What have we learned about role of vasopressin in human sexuality from intranasal dosing experiments? |
Intranasal dose: - speeds up sex-related stimuli processing - biases interpretation of neutral expressions as combative - inhibits approach in men, promotes in women - improves memory for facial emotion in men - promotes mate-guarding in males |
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