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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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SO's |
- rape is a pseudo sexual act where primary motivations are power and aggression and not sexual satisfaction eg. albert fish |
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Perceptions of sexual offenders * just bc have the label doesn't mean awful |
- viewed as homogeneous group of "deranged animals" - sexual offences/ offenders vary widely according to different classifications - often LITTLE evidence of mental disorder (Except pedophilia) - adolescent and young adult males account for large proportion of sex offender population |
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Types of sexual aggression 1. Instrumental sexual aggression |
- uses coercion to gain compliance -arousal from power and manipulation - goal driven and planned |
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2. expressive sexual aggression (HOSTILE aggression- aggression become erotic not sex act) |
- goal to physical/ psychologically harm -"eroticized" aggression - brutally leads to sexual arousal |
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Rape/ Sexual Assault sexual assault |
- legal term that refers to any form of sexual contact without voluntary consent - eg. kissing, fondling, vaginal intercourse anal intercourse, oral sex - term rape still used in US system (usually penetration) |
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The criminal code of canada Levels lvl 1,2,3 |
Level 1- 271- sexual assault lvl 2- 272- sexual assault with weapon/threats against bodily harm level 3- 273- aggravated sexual assault |
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crim code of sexual assaults |
151- sexual interference 152- invitation to sexual touching (under 16) 153- sexual exploitation- even if you consent (16-18) 153.1- exploitation of person with disability 159- anal intercourse- under 18 and not married not allowed to have anal sex 173.2- indecent acts- exposure of genitals |
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Victim Characteristics |
- Crime against youth- 61% under age of 18 - strong substance abuse histories and presence during sexual assault - only 25% of rapists were strangers in one study - most victims DONT sustain serious physical injuries some rapists may demand more than intercourse |
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Offender characteristics |
- estimate that 50-70% of rapists are under the age of 25, majority under 30 - may have previous records for sexual or violent offending (82% in one study) -MAY have been victims of sexual/physical/ verbal abuse as children ( DO NOT INFER causality THOUGH) - majority of offenders "arrested" for rape in working class occupations (some not brought to attention of the police) |
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Attributed causes of Sexual Assault Behaviour Scully and Marolla 1985 Surveyed PUBLIC & PSYCHIATRIC community as to what the 4 FUNDAMENTAL Causes of RAPE (no research to support these 4) |
1. uncontrollable/ irresistible impulses and urges- normal restraints of self control are reduced/ eliminated by overwhelming sex drive 2. Disease attribution- rape is a symptomatic of more deep sealed mental illness "sick" |
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3. DA 4. VA |
3. Drug attribution- drugs or alcohol cause one to lose control of barriers to act on our urges.. 4. Victim attribution- victim causes the behaviour because of temptation |
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Related to Just World Hypothesis |
- bad things happen to bad people - you get what you deserve and you deserve what you get |
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When ask Sex offenders of causes or how they JUSTIFY sexual assaults 1 2 3 4 5 |
1. Women are seductresses 2. women mean yes when they say no 3. most women relax and enjoy it 4. nice girls don't get raped 5. the act was minor and victim didn't get hurt |
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Lack of resistance |
- means woman has rape fantasies all of the offenders reasons are related to victim blaming |
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etiology of sexual offending |
- socialization plays critical role in "normal" sexual experiences - distorted beliefs about what women want and interpretation of female behaviour - MEN dominant, women- compliant - rely more on self stimulation in adulthood, limited prior exposure - preoccupation with sexual issues, incorporate non-sexual material into fantasies that become progressively deviant |
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immaturity hypothesis |
- idea that they don't grow out of using sexual stimuli from media/fantasy for pleasure as compared to normal males who relate more pleasure to real life sexual encounters - fantasies become more deviant and they have no outlet for them so they go out and fulfill them with rape |
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MTC (Massachusetts treatment centre) Rapist Classification ** based on RAPIST BEHAVIOURAL PATTERNS** 1. Displaced Aggression Rapists aka Anger Retaliation |
- primarily violent, aggressive, little sexual feelings
-use rape to minimize, degrade and harm others -assault not itself arousing, often demands stimulation from victim - perceive women as hostile, demanding, unfaithful -attacks follow experience of upset or anger at women in daily life - often married, lack of closeness with spouse -argues for uncontrollable impulses |
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Displaced aggression cont'd |
- lash out and attack women to teach them a lesson - angry at someone in their life and retaliate displace to someone else |
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2. Compensatory Rapist |
-intense sexual arousal from environmental stimuli - "power- reassurance" or "true" sex offender - motivation to prove sexual prowess/adequacy -socially passive, withdrawn, inept -fantasy of submission to intercourse, so pleasurable to seek repeat performance- victims will appreciate him |
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Compensatory Cont'd |
- rapes to compensate for sense of inadequacy (can't face rejection so does not seek sexual stimulation through normal routes) - no social competence -scared of rejection from normal sexual relations |
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3. Sadistic (Sexually aggressive) MOST LIKELY psychopaths** |
- sexual and aggressive features co-exist -arousal associated with pain and violence -believes women enjoy it and in their nature to be dominated - often married but little commitment to relationships - long history of antisocial violence, including domestic violence |
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Sadistic con'td |
- poor behavioural controls and little tolerance for frustration - may have experienced physical abuse/neglect as children -violence in excess of what is needed for compliance |
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Gratuitous vs Sadistic Violence |
G- excessive and unnecessary violence. Stab women 60x S- harm and violence, slowly cut woman into pieces. |
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4. Exploitive/ Impulsive |
-no strong sexual or aggressive features -spontaneous event when opportunity arises -usually within context of another crime - little violence beyond what is necessary to commit rape - usually a long history of antisocial offences but may not be rape -demonstrated indifference to the sexual assault or victim |
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Exploitive cont'd |
- crime of opportunity/ opportunistic rapists -not repeated distinct patterns- no plan to do so |
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Reclassification MTC: R3- 4 types and 9 subtypes 4 Primary motives for Rape |
1. Opportunity 2. Pervasive Anger 3. Sexual Gratification 4. Vindictiveness - subdivisions based on social competence, direct/indirect expression of sexual fantasies - psychopaths have increased levels of social competence |
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Rapist Motivational Typology Devised by Groth (1979) and Modified by FBI for classification 1. PR aka Gentleman's rapist |
1. Power reassurance- offender behaviours that suggest an underlying lack of confidence and inadequacy or belief that the offence is consensual, expressed through minimal force and low confidence - fantasy of consensual |
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2. PA |
2. Power Assertive- offender behaviours that suggest an underlying lack of confidence and inadequacy, expressed through need for control, mastery and humiliation of the victim, while demonstrating authority |
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3. AR |
3. Anger Retaliatory- offender behaviours that suggest a great deal of rage, either towards a specific person, group institution or a symbol of either. |
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4. S |
4. Sadistic- offender behaviours that suggest that the offender gets sexual gratification from victim pain and suffering -"anger excitation" |
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5.O |
5. Opportunistic- offender behaviours that suggest an offender who is out to satisfy immediate sexual impulses |
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6. GR |
6. Gang Rape- 3 or more offenders, usually a leader and 1 or more reluctant participants - extreme violence /pack mentality |
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Resisting Rape Rosenbaum, Lurigio, Davis (1998) 4 Strategies and 4 responses 1. FPR |
1. Forceful physical resistance- hit, kick, bite response: reduces probability of rape completion, increases risk of physical attack/injury |
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2. FVR |
2. Forceful verbal resistance- scream, help, threats response: reduces probability of rape completion, unclear relationship with physical harm |
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3. NPR |
3. non forceful physical resistance- try to flee, pushing response: reduces probability of rape completion but little effect on physical harm |
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4.NVR |
4. Nonforceful verbal resistance- plead, cry, reason response: increased probability of rape completion, no effect on reducing physical injury |
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Bill C-16 Sex Offender Information Registration act |
-mandates offenders with a court order to register with the national sex offender registry -registry available to police and RCMP ONLY -in AMERICAN the registry available to everyone who has a computer.... |
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Pedophilia (in itself isn't criminal, when they ACT in it is when it's criminal) DSM IV-TR definition |
1. recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviour involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children (younger than 13) that occurs over a 6 month period 2. the adult has acted on these sexual urges or the sexual urges/fantasies caused marked distress or interpersonal difficulty |
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Exclusive vs. Nonexclusive types |
exclusive- children only nonexclusive- attracted to children and adults AKA child molestation or child sexual abuse |
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Hebephilia |
- pubescent or almost pubescent stage - early to mid pubescent - 11-14 yrs- some sexual development but still childlike |
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Prevalence of Pedophilia |
- reported rates will *never* be totally accurate due to nature of behaviour |
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Victimization of pedophilia Prevalence |
- estimated at 25-33% for girls, 10+% for boys Prevalence - difficult to estimate prevalence as deals with feelings/ fantasies as often as behaviour - some have argued approx 5% of adult males |
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Victimization in Pedophilia |
heterosexual pedophili- 75% of cases homosexual- 20-23% of cases - Victim knows offender well in most cases, often within the home - penetration and rape are rare, usually fondling and genital manipulation - depends on previous non sexual experiences, relationship with particular child and age of child |
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Pedo |
- general perception of perpetrator that children are seductive/ willing participants - misinterpret child's cues |
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Lasting Effects Browne & Finkelhor |
victims of child s sexual abuse more likely to sustain long lasting trauma from event if: 1. younger when event was experienced 2. relationship to abuser was closer 3. greater the FORCE - not related to the TYPE of sexual abuse or DURATION |
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the idea that... |
-betrayal of trust, if relationship is violated and betrayed you feel more violated than betrayal of trust than any physical action |
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Patterns of Pedophilia 1. Fixated/ Immature |
- patterned/exclusive preference for children as social & sexual companions - never developed mature intimate relations with adults - few adult associations - well acquainted relationship with victim -RARELY uses force or wants genital contact (prefer acts of fondling, touching, kissing, holding-- COMFORT CONTACT (immaturity) |
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fixated cont'd |
-doesn't see preferences for kids as problematic - high recidivism, not motivated to correct behaviour- low treatment prospects -uses trust that kids have with them |
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2. Regressed |
-normal adolescence and sexual experiences, but developed feelings of male inadequacy and doubt - sexual, social, occupational difficulties -often substance problems and unstable employment |
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Regressed cont'd |
-victims female child strangers- outside home area - seeks genital contact/sex - feels remorse/guilty -less likely to reoffend if stress managed, are good treatment prospects. "REGRESSING" back to child like feelings and approaches and desires - instability increases likelihood that they'll offend and reoffend |
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3. Exploitive |
- long history of antisocial/ criminal behaviour - poor interpersonal skills, impulsive, moody -children sought to satisfy sexual needs- selfish manner - uses many strategies, tricks and aggression to get children to comply - no consideration for physical or emotional welfare of child - usually stranger to child- lures them away from crowd - difficult to treat because of perpetual offending |
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exp cont'd |
-Rationale behind offending- using and exploiting kids for OWN benefit -unlike fixated who actually cares about the child |
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4. Aggressive/ Sadistic |
- antisocial lifestyle and poor adaptation to environment -sexual excitement obtained from assault and sadistic behaviour -usually prefer same sex victims (homosexual pedophile) - most often group involved in child abductions/ murders -feels no remorse, very dangers - most DIFFICULT to treat |
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Additional Considerations |
further research suggest pedophiles can further be studied in terms of their 1. degree of fixation on child 2. level of social competence 3. amount and motivation of contact with children 4. type of violence and degree of physical injury |
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GROTH |
-offenders should be classified on the basis of how established the behavioural pattern is and the psychological goal or aim 1. sex pressure or 2. Sex force |
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SP vs SF |
SP- individuals that make a child feel indebted or owing to a person for something. manipulate child. I'm doing you a favour you OWE ME SF- use physical aggression. the threat of harm- if you tell someone i'll hurt you or your mom |
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Recidivism |
- most tend to drop out of treatment - low motivation/desire to stop behaviour - likely to recidivate and usually within 3 of release- especially if untreated |
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Seto et al 2000 |
- examined the relation between treatment ratings given to sex offenders vs their actual performance in the community TRTMT rating-- ratings given by program coordinators/clinicians - higher ratings= they participated, seemed successful, gained insight, get high trtmt benefits - you should see ppl who got high ratings, have low recidivism RESULTS: those who got highest trtmt ratings were most likely to reoffend ALSO most likely psychopathic ( John Wayne Gacy) |
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Exhibitionism |
- deliberate exposure of genitals to another person to achieve sexual gratification (aka indecent exposure) -GOAL of shock and surprise is what equals arousal - 1/3 of all sex crimes -rarely incarcerated- community trtmt facilities used |
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Situational Factors of Exhibitionism |
1. personality may determine how/where exposure occurs 2. public places preferred (parks, cars, theatres) 3. victims are strangers, usually selected by preferences associated with arousal 4. patterned behaviour (setting/times, almost be comes ritualistic) |
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Offender factorsof Exhibitionism |
- behaviour peaks between 15-40 yrs -NOT associated with high prev of mental illness - often previous sexual offences MOTIVE: sexual arousal obtained through reinforcement from school and surprise - often socially/sexually inadequate - shy, reserved, introverted, low self esteem - operant conditioning (Patterns of reward) strongly related to behaviour -more likely to seek or comply with therapeutic interventions |
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Voyeurism |
- tendency to gain sexual excitement and gratification from observing others undressing, being naked or having sex WITHOUT THEIR AWARENESS -peeping tom, on the verge of getting caught |
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Fetishism |
- sexual attraction to inanimate objects, rather than people. -EG> to underwear, boots, purses,cars FOOT FETISH- is wrong- because it is a person |
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Partialism- distinct from fetishism |
Partialism- exaggerated sexual attraction/interest in some part of the human anatomy NOT usually associated with sexual arousal-- knew, elbow, nose- turns person |
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Voyeruism and Fetishism |
-considered minor sexual offences -usually interact with law when harassment/stealing - not likely to engage in other sexual offences (except maybe excibitionism) -reserved and anxious individuals -both learned behaviours -Fetishism predominantly male behaviour ( Russell Williams) |
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Froteurism (paraphalia) |
specific paraphalia involving 1. recurrent, intense or arousing sexual urges/fantasies that involve touching & rubbing against a non consenting person 2. person has acted on these urges/fantasies or they cause significant distress to the degree which they interrupt/disrupt everyday functioning - often times ppl unaware- happens in crowd settings- LRT, subway, bus, criminal sexual offence if they act on it |
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Video a psychopathic sexual offender |
Robert- power control rapist- punish and groom his step child so he will have the perfect sexual mate0 didn't love her waned her for own purpose - manipulation, coercion to get her drunk and do what he wanted. - saw something he wanted, gained the trust of ppl then went after it no remorse Power control rapist PLUS psychopath |
