Set 1 Of 1 For Exam 2

Front 1

Homology

Back 1

Similarity in organisms due to common ancestry

Table 25.2 -

(Trait A is homologous among the red branches)

Front 2

Monophyletic group

Back 2

An evolutionary unit that includes ancestral population and all of its descendants but no others (also called lineage, or clade)

Front 3

Synapomorphy

Back 3

A shared, derived a trait

Table 25.2

(trait A occurs only in the red branches

Front 4

Homoplasy

Back 4

Similarity in organisms due to reasons other than common ancestry

Table 25.2

(trait B arose twice independently)

Front 5

Polyphyletic group

Back 5

An unnatrual group (shown in purple) that does not include the most recent common ancestor

Front 6

Paraphyletic group

Back 6

A group that includes an ancestral population and some of its descendents, but not all

Table 25.2

The above is shown in blue

(See dicots in chapter 28 and fish and reptiles in chapter 32)

Front 7

The common ancestor of dolphins and Ichthyosaurs....

Back 7

Did not have streamlined body or fins and flippers. They evolved their similar traits independently.

Front 8

Hippos, Cows, deer, and pigs are artiodactyls, these mammals have:

Because whales do not have the _____-shaped ankle they are considered the outgroup

Back 8

1. Hooves

2. An even number of toes

3.An unusual pulley-shaped ankle bone (astragalus)

Pulley

Front 9

Traditionally, phylogenetic trees based on morphological data place whales as the outgroup to atriodactyls

Back 9

They, whales, do not have an astragalus (a pulley shapes anklebone that is found in the other creatures.

Front 10

Every plant came from

Back 10

Ancestral Alga

Front 11

All nonvascular plants

(origin of land plants *above* 475 mya)

Back 11

1. Liverworts

2. Hornworts

3. Mosses

Front 12

All Seedless vascular plants

(origin about 420 mya)

Back 12

1. Lycophytes

2. Pterophytes

Front 13

All seed plants

(origin of seed plants about 360 mya)

Back 13

1. Gymnosperms

2. Angiosperms

Front 14

Ecosystem services progivded by green algae and land plants include

Back 14

1. Producing oxygen via oxygenic photosynthesis

2. Building soil by providing food for decomposers

3. Holding soil and preventing nutrients from being lost to wind or water erosion

4. Holding water in soil

5. Moderating the local climate by providing shade and reducing the impact of wind landscapes

Front 15

Artificial selection (Human involvement)

Back 15

Changes the traits of domesticated plants

Front 16

Plants are used for the following

Back 16

Fuel - Wood burning for energy, fossil fuels

Fiber - Used for clothes, rope household articles

Building Materials - Lumber for houses and furniture

Medicines - About 25% of the prescriptions written in the United states each year include at least one molecule derived from plants

Food - Fruit, Vegetables, etc.

Front 17

Nonvascular plant descriptors -

Back 17

-Lack of vascular tissue (specialized groups of cells that conduct water or dissolved nutrients trhoughout the plant body)

-Include mosses

-Use spores, not seeds, for reproduction and dispersal

Front 18

Seedless vascular plant descriptors -

Back 18

-Have well-developed vascular tissue

-Do not make seeds; use spores for reproduction

-Includes ferns

Front 19

Seed plant descriptors -

Back 19

-Have vascular tissue

-Make seeds (consist of an embryo and a store of nutritive tissue, surrounded by a tough protective layer

-Include angiosperms [IMPORTANT] (*encased-seeds*), or flowering plants and gymnosperms [IMPORTANT] (*Naked seeds*)

Front 20

Cuticule

Back 20

A waxy layer that prevents water loss from stems and leaves.

Front 21

Stomata

Back 21

Have pores that allow gas exchange in photosynthetic tissues.

Front 22

Clones

Back 22

Genetically identical copies of the parent plant

Front 23

Rhizomes

Back 23

Underground stems that can produce new individual plants

Front 24

Corms

Back 24

Modified underground stems that function in plant propagation

Front 25

Plantlets

Back 25

Young or small plants that may form along the margins of plant leaves. A form of asexual reproduction

Front 26

Mature seeds can form without fertilization by

Back 26

Apomixis

Front 27

Four ways to make clones are

Back 27

Rhizomes

Corms

Plantlets via margins of plant leaves

Apomixis via seeds

Front 28

The Stamen:

Anther

Filament

Back 28

Stamen = Male reproductive structure

Anther = Produces pollen

Filament = Supporting stalk

Front 29

The Carpel:

Stigma

Style

Ovary

Back 29

Carpel = Female reproductive structure

Stigma = Sticky tip

Style = Elongated stalk

Ovary = Contains ovules

Front 30

Petal

Back 30

Flower petals, wtf? you know this.

Front 31

Sepal

Back 31

The green leaf thing underneath the flower petal that people like to draw

Front 32

Flowers that contain both stamens and carpels are

Back 32

Perfect

Front 33

Flowers that contain either stamens or carpels, but not both, are

Back 33

Imperfect

Front 34

Monoecious plants have separate ______- and ______-producing flowers on the same individual

Back 34

Stamen, Carpel

Fun fact: In corn, the tassel is a collection of "male" flowers and the ear contains a group of "female" flowers

Front 35

Dioecious plants such as ______ produce only male flowers or female flowers

Back 35

Cannabis

Front 36

Fertilization initiates fruit development as well as seed and embryo development. As fruit matures, the walls of the ovary thicken to form the _______, the part of the fruit that surrounds and protects the seed.

Back 36

Pericarp

Front 37

Three basic fruit types:

____________-like the cherry develop from a single flower that contains a single carpel or several fused carpels

____________-like the blackberry develop from a single flower that contains many separate carpels

____________-like the pineapple develop from many flowers and thus from many carpels

Back 37

Simple fruits, Aggregate fruits, Multiple fruits

Front 38

Form and Function of Modified Roots:

Anchor roots-_________________

Pneumatorphores-____________

Prop roots-____________________

Storage roots-_________________

Back 38

Anchor- These adventitious roots anchor stems to walls and to other plants

Pneumatorphores- Allow for gas exchange between roots and atmosphere

Prop- These adventitious roots stabilize the stem

Storage- Sugar beets store carbohydrates and other nutrients in their taproot for future use

Front 39

Form and function of Modified Stems:

Water-storage structures-________________

Tubers-___________________________________

Stolons-___________________________________

Thorns-___________________________________

Rhizomes-________________________________

Back 39

Water-storage structures- Cactus stems store water; the spines are modified leaves.

Tubers- Tubers such as potatoes store carbohydrates such as starch

Stolons- Strawberry stolons produce new individuals at nodes above ground

Thorns- Thorns provide protection from herbivores

Rhizomes- Produce new individuals at nodes below ground, and store carbohydrates

Front 40

Form and function of modified leaves-

Bulbs-_________________

Floral mimics-_________

Succulent leaves-______

Traps-_________________

Tendrils-_______________

Back 40

Bulbs-Onion leaves store food

Floral Mimics- Red poinsetta leaves attract pollinators

Succulent leaves- Aloe-vera leaves store water

Traps- Picther plant leaves trap entering insects, use their hood to discourage insects from flying out, and then digest them

Tendrils- Pes tendrils aid in climbing

Front 41

Types of leaves:

Simple-

Compound-

Doubly compound-

Needle-like-

Back 41

Simple- has a petiole and a single blade

Compound- has a blade divided into leaflets

Doubly compound- Is large yet rarely damaged by wind or rain

Needle-like- are characteristic of species adapted to very cold or hot climates.

Front 42

Plant cells are surrounded by a cellulose rich

Back 42

Primary cell wall

Front 43

Some plant cells have a rigid

Back 43

Secondary cell wall

Front 44

Plant cells are connected by

Back 44

Plasmodesmata

Front 45

Plant tissues are grouped into ________, based on their structural features and location within the plant.

Back 45

Tissue systems

Front 46

Simple tissues-

Complex tissues-

Back 46

Simple- consist of a single cell type

Complex- Contain several types of cells

Front 47

Three tissue systems are found in plants:

1.

2.

3.

Back 47

1. Dermal tissue system

2. Ground tissue system

3. Vascular tissue system

Front 48

Trichomes

Back 48

Hairlike appendages made up of specialized epidermal cells that perform various functions

Front 49

Most photosynthesis and carbohydrate storage takes place in the ___________

Back 49

Ground tissue system

Front 50

Ground tissue is a complex tissue made up of three distinct tissues:

1.

2.

3.

Back 50

1.Parenchyma

2.Collenchyma

3.Sclerenchyma

Front 51

Parenchyma

1. In leaves:

2. In roots:

Back 51

1.Photosynthesis and gas exchange

2.Carbohydrate storage

Front 52

Collenchyma

1.

2.

3.

Back 52

1. Cross section of celery stalk

2. Close-up of "string,"

3. Collenchyma cells, in cross section

Front 53

Sclerenchyma

1.

2.

Back 53

1.Fibers

2.Sclereids

Front 54

Vascular tissue system is made up of two complex tissues:

1.

2.

Back 54

1.Xylem

2.Phloem

Front 55

Xylem

Back 55

Conducts water and dissolved nutrients from the root system to the shoot system

Front 56

Phloem

Back 56

Conducts sugars, amino acids, hormones, and other substances from roots to shoots and from shoots to roots

Front 57

Types of things involving Xylem

1. Tracheids

2. Vessel elements

3. Tracheids and vessel elements

Back 57

1. long, tapered and have pits

2. short and wide and have perforations as well as pits

3. are found together in vascular tissue

Front 58

Types of things involved Phloem

1.Sieve tube/companion sell

2. Longitudinal section/sieve plate

3.Cross section/companion cell/sieve plate

Back 58

Not sure what to put here

Front 59

Apical meristems what is it? And:

1.

2.

3.

Back 59

Give rise to three distinct primary meristems

1.Protoderm: gives rise to the dermal tissue system

2.Ground meristem: gives rise to the ground tissue system

3.Procambium: gives rise to the vascular tissue system

Front 60

Cambium

Back 60

Differs from an apical meristem

-forms a cylinder that runs the length of the root, trunk or branch

-its cells divide to increase the width of the plant

Front 61

Two types of Cambia plants:

1.

2.

Back 61

1. Vascular cambium- is located between secondary xylem and secondary phloem

2. Cork cambium- is located near the outer perimeter of the root, trunk, or branch

Front 62

Tree trunk, what is the inner/outer xylem called?

Back 62

Inner xylem=heartwood

Outer xylem=sapwood

Front 63

Water potential

Back 63

the potential energy of water in a particular environment, compared with the potential energy of pure water at atmospheric pressure and room temperature

Front 64

Water potential is measured in

Back 64

Megapascals (Mpa, 10 Pa)

Front 65

Pure water at atmospheric pressure and room temperature has a water potential of

Back 65

0Mpa

Front 66

A solution is

Back 66

A homogenous mixture of a liquid solvent (often water) and dissolved substances or solutes

Front 67

Water potential has two major components

Back 67

1.Solute potential (Kingdeomkey small s)

2.Pressure potential (Kingdomkey small p)

Front 68

Solute potential is

Back 68

The tendency of water to move by osmosis

SOLUTE POTENTIAL OF LEAVES DROP DURING HOT, DRY MONTHS

Front 69

Pressure potential is

Back 69

The tendency of water to move in response to pressure

Front 70

Turgor pressure is

Back 70

an important source of pressure on water in cells

Front 71

Water potential is defined by the equation

Back 71

Kingdom Key = Kingdom Key small p + Kingdom Key small s

Front 72

Root pressure causes guttation which is

Back 72

The secretion of droplets of water through a plants pores

Front 73

Capillary action:

Surface Tension-

Adhesion-

Cohesion-

Back 73

Surface tension- Pulls water column up to minimize air-water interface

Adhesion- Water attracted tog lass is pulled up against the force of gravity

Cohesion- Holds water molecules in the water column together

Front 74

Translocation

Back 74

Is the movement of sugars through a plant by bulk flow from sources to sinks through the phloem

Front 75

Transpiration

Back 75

Water absorbed by roots, water travels through plant, water evaporates from leaf surface

Front 76

Monocots

Back 76

Vascular tissue is scattered throughout the stem, parallel veins, petals in multiples of 3, One cotyledon

Front 77

Dicots

Back 77

Two cotyledons, Vascular tissue in circular arrangement in stem, branching veins in leaves, petals in multiples of 4 or 5