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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Context effect |
The influence of environmental factors on one's perception of a stimulus.
- Top-down design - Constructive perception |
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Ethnocentric bias |
An attempt to understand the behavior of individuals in different cultures using the perspectives and experiences in one's own culture. |
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Empirical approach |
Approach to acquiring knowledge using direct observation and experimentation to answer questions. |
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Hypothesis |
A tentative explanation for a phenomenon. |
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General approach |
Nonscientific: intuitive (judgement's and decisions are based on what "feels right.") Scientific: Empirical |
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Observation |
NS: Uncontrolled S: Controlled |
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Control |
Investigating the effect of various factors one at a time. |
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Individual difference variables |
Eg. age, gender, intelligence, personality traits. Selection is an independent variable. |
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Reporting |
NS: Biased, subjective S: Unbiased, objective |
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Concepts |
NS: Ambiguous (unclear lingo) S: Clear definitions |
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Instruments |
NS: Inaccurate and imprecise (ex. clocks, gas gauges, measuring cup) S: Accurate and precise (consistently on the MONEY) |
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Measurement |
NS: Not valid or reliable S: Valid or reliable |
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Hypothesis |
NS: Not testable S: Testable |
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Operational definition |
Explains a concept solely in terms of the observable procedures used to produce and measure it (ex. intelligence is defined operationally by using a paper-and-pencil test). Facilitate communication. |
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Reliability |
Consistency of a measurement. Reliability doesn't always infer validity. |
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Validity |
Refers to the "truthfulness" of a measure (measures what it claims to measure). An operational definition does not infer a valid definition (ex. how high someone jumps determines how intelligent they are). |
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4 Goals of the Scientific Method |
Description: What are the characteristics of the behavior? Prediction: How likely is it that the behavior will occur? Explanation: What causes the behavior? Control: Can I make the behavior happen/ not happen? |
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Nomothetic |
Large sample sizes, "average" of a group. |
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Idiographic |
Individual case studies. |
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How correlations are measured |
Researchers calculate correlation coefficients to determine the strength and direction of a predictive relationship between two variables.
0 to -1.00 (negative correlation) 0 to 1.00 (positive correlation) Increase/increase (up) Increase/decrease (down) |
