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353 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 mediators of inflammation which are most likely to cause fever?
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IL-1
PG TNF alpha |
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Cell type that produces IL-1
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Macrophage
(APC) |
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2 major cytokines that are best known for their antiviral action
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INF alpha and beta
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2 members of the complement pathway that are anaphylotoxins
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C3a & C5a
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Disease associated with anti-TSH R autoantibodies
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Graves
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Arthritis
Vasculitis Glomerulonephritis What hypersensitivity? |
Type III
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What oncogene associated with Burkitt lymphoma
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c-myc
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2 kinds of tumor markers used to track prostate carcinoma
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PSA
Acid phosphatase |
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What symbol is used in a pedigree to denote a female?
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Circle
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How do you denote a heterozygote of an AR disorder?
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Half of it colored in
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What type of inheritance pattern does cystic fibrosis have?
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AR
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What type of inheritance pattern does G6PD deficiency have?
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XR
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What type of inheritance pattern does Huntington's disease have?
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AD
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What chromosomal deletion is seen in cri du chat?
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5p deletion
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What HLA type is seen in ankylosing spondylitis?
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HLA B27
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What is the most common type of cancer in men? women?
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Prostate
Breast |
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What is the name of the cell in SLE that involves the pts macrophage being mixed with injured leukocytes?
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LE cell
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5 features of CREST
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Calcinosis
Raynauds Esophageal dysmotility Sclerodactyly Telangiectasia |
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Type of immunodeficiency associated with tetany & fungal and viral infections
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DiGeorges
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What effect do alcohol and barbiturates have on P450?
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Induce
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What drug do you not give with AG? Why?
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Loop diuretics
Ototoxicity |
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Procainamide & Hydralazine have similar SE which is system-wide. What?
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Drug-induced lupus
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Antidote to opioid overdose
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Naloxone
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From neutral position, what is the first barrier you pass
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Physiological
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Chronic or Acute
-cool, dry, ropy R paraspinal area |
Chronic
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Lumbar vertebra is N, SB right. What direction is it rotated?
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N SB right R left
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BUM-BUL-BM refers to the superior or inferior facets
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superior
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SB occurs in what plane and axis?
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Coronal plane
AP axis |
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Pt presents w/ complaints UE, what anatomic site would you first start evaluating and treating?
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upper thoracics
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Is MFR direct or indirect
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Both
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Clotting factors directly affected by deficiency in Vit K
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2, 7, 9, 10
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3 things that may trigger sickling in sickle cell anemia
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-dehydration
-acidosis -increased altitude |
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deficiency in what results in megaloblastic anemia & neurological symptoms
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B12 deficiency
(Folate only in anemia) |
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Pt infected with parasite, what type of WBC would be elevated
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Eosinophils
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What leukemia has Philidelphia Chromosome
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CML
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What cell type is classic in Hodgkin's lymphoma?
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Reed Sternberg cells
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D/o associated with osteolytic lesions of skull & pelvis, & Bence Jones proteins in urine
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Multiple Myeloma
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3 features of Virchow's triad
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- hypercoaguability
- stasis - endothelial injury |
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What type of arteritis must be dx early to prevent blindness
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Giant cell arteritis - temporal arteries
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Aneurysm associated with polycystic kidney disease
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Berry aneurysms
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Type of congenital heart anomaly that has continuous machine-like murmur
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Patent ductus arteriosis
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Eisenmenger syndrome
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reversal of L--> R to a R --> L shunt
say after person w/ VSD |
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ischemic heart disease, what 2 different conditions can an ST segment elevation mean
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-Prinzmetal angina
-MI |
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4 major complications that follow a MI
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- myocardial rupture
- HF - arrhythmia - cardiogenic shock |
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dyspnea is associated with R or L CHF
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Left sided
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Kind of endocarditis that previously damaged or abn heart valves at risk of? Common organisms?
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Subacute endocarditis
Strep viridans G - bacilli |
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Syndrome involving pericardium following an MI
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Dressler's syndrome
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5 features of Major jones criteria
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-polyarteritis
-erythema -subQ nodules -chorea -carditis |
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4 major classifications of lung disease that represent obstructive lung disease
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-emphysema
-bronchiectasis -asthma -chronic bronchitis |
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What restrictive lung disease is caused by habitual inhalation of irritants (coal dust & silica)
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Pneumoconiosis
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DOC for vaginal candidiasis? systemic candidiasis?
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- myconazole
- fluconazole |
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DOC N. meningitidis? N. gonorrhea?
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- Pen G
- Ceftriaxone |
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3 anatomic aspects of cervical vertebra that differ from other vertebra
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- uncinate
- vertebral a. foramen - bifid spine |
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Ligament that connects the dens to the foramen magnum
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alar lig
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Which scalenes aid in elevation of the 1st rib
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Anterior and middle
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Inducing L translation, what is the SB you are inducing?
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Right
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occiput rotated R, what direction is it SB
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L
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about to perform OMT on c-spine, what area would you start?
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OA
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Antidote for APAP overdose
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N-acytylcystine (NAC)
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Anti-TB drug notorious for hepatotoxicity
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Isoniazid
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P450 inducers
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"One Pharmaceutical Brings About Rapid Liver Metabolism"
-OCP -Phenytoin -Barbituates -Alcohol -Rifampin -Levodopa -Methadone |
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2 major etiologic agents for lobar pneumonia
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-Klebsiella
-Strep pneumonea |
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4 types of lung CA
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-Adeno CA
-Squamous cell CA -Small cell CA -Large cell CA |
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Most common type of nephrotic syndrome in kids
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minimal changes disease
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3 components of staghorn renal calculus? Is it a result of infectious agent, cancer, gout?
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Mg-NH3-P
infection (UTI - Proteus) |
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Causative agent of syphilis? DOC for syphilis?
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Treponeum palidum
Tx - Pen G |
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Type of germ cell tumor characterized by high AFP? (testicular and ovarian)
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Yolk sac tumor
Endodermal sinus tumor |
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Type of ovarian tumor characterized by cysts lined by ciliated epithelium?
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Serous
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5 major risk factors for endometrial CA? breast CA?
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> 40 yo
early menarche late menopause nulliparity obesity |
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Koplik spots in mouth indicate what disease?
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measles
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Type of esophageal diverticulum involving all layers of the esophagus? only mucosal layers?
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-true
-false |
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What do cloxacillin, oxacillin, methicillin have in common?
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beta lactamase resistance
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What generation of cephalosporins are cefamandole and cefoxitin?
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2nd
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Type of gastritis H. pylori cause, why is it important to treat?
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Chronic B gastritis
causes CA |
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Risk of developing colon CA if pt has FAP? Gardner's disease?
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100%
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Pt presents with
-a lot abd pain -little/no blood in stool -skip lesions in ileum |
Crohns disease
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3 components of Charcot's triad? What does it indicate in terms of abd disease?
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Cholangitis
-fever (acute onset, sepsis) -RUQ pain -jaundice |
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Classification of jaundice:
-high unconjugated bili? -high conjugated bili? -high unconjugated & conjugated bili? |
- prehepatic
- post-hepatic - hepatic |
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Trasmission route & incubation times:
-Hep A -Hep B |
A: fecal oral, 2-6 wks
B: parental, 2-6 months |
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Pt's blood test is positive for anti-HBsAg, does she have an active Hep B infection?
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No, means she has immunity
(either had it and got rid of it or had immunization) |
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Pt presents:
-cirrhosis -new onset DM -bronze pigmented skin |
Hemochromatosis
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Which joints in the fingers are affected?
-OA -RA |
-OA: DIP
-RA: PIP, MCP |
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Rules of threes relevant to thoracic spine
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T1-3: SP at level of TPs
T4-6: SP 1/2 vertebra lower than TPs T7-9: SP 1 vertebra lower than TP T10: like T7-9 T11: like T4-6 T12: like T1-3 |
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Name the false ribs
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Ribs 8-12
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Primary motion of thoracic spine
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Rotation
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Ribs that move with
-pump-handle motion -bucket-handle motion -caliper motion |
- 1-5
- 6-10 - 11-12 |
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Attachments of the diaphragm
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L1-3
Ribs 6-12 Xiphoid process |
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Inhalation SD, what is the key rib?
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bottom rib
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PG & bradykinins share what common feature in terms of effect?
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VD
Pain |
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What cell type produces IL-1? What cell does IL-1 stimulate?
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Macrophages produce IL-1
IL-1 stimulates T-cells (CD4) |
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What inheritance pattern exists for a particular dz if no M-M transmission, parents of the sick child are not sick?
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XR
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HLA type associated with MS & narcolepsy?
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HLA DR2
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VDRL & FTA-ABS test results for SLE pt? Why?
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VDRL - false positive (tests for anticardiolipin Ab)
FTA-ABS - negative (tests specifically for T. pallidum) |
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What clotting pathway does PTT test? PT test? bleeding time?
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- Intrinsic & common
- Extrinsic & common - platelets |
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What does Coombs test evaluate?
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- Agglutination
- Ab to RBC |
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What macromolecule is reliant on folic acid and Vit B12 for synthesis? What is its relation to anemia?
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DNA
deficiency --> megaloblastic anemia |
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Auer rods in myeloblasts are evidence of what disorder?
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AML
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AG effective against Gram + or -?
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Gram negative
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Type of arterial inflammation associated with hypersensitivity to tobacco?
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Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's)
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What disease do blue bloaters have? Is it obstructive or restrictive?
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Chronic bronchitis
obstructive |
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P450 inhibitors
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"Some Pharmaceutical Classes Inhibit Drug Catabolism"
Sulfonamides Phenylbutazone Chloramphicol Isoniazid Dicumerol Cimetidine |
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Antidote for methanol poisoning
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Ethanol
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DOC Strep. pyogenes? Borrelia burgdorferi?
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- Pen G or V
- Doxycycline |
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Plane & axis that flexion occur?
|
-Sagital
-Transverse |
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Cell type classical in Hodgkin's disease?
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Reed Sternberg cells
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Type of arteriosclerosis due to;
-high Ca? -malignant HTN? -old age? -high lipid diet? |
- Monckebergs
- Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis - Hyaline arteriolosclerosis - Atherosclerosis |
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3 yo Japanese boy presents with very red hands, soles of feet, fever, conjunctivits
What arteritis does he have? |
Kawasaki arteritis
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Atlas is SB left, what direction is it rotated?
|
Right
(C1) |
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C5 more easily translated L when F, equal translation R & L when in neutral, not as equal bilaterally in extension.
Dysfunction? Restriction? |
C5 NRS right
C5 FRS left |
|
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Serum Ca, P, alk. P levels in
-osteoporosis -osteomalacia -paget's disease |
-OP: Ca (N), P (N), alk P (N)
-OM: Ca (L), P (L), alk P (H) -Paget's: Ca (N), P (N), alk P (VERY high) |
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Most common type of cartilage
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Hyaline
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Bone cancer characterized by being extremely aggressive, pelvis & long bone (marrow cavity), males
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Ewing's sarcoma
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Why are calfs of DMD pt very large
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Pseudohypertrophy
-fibrosis -fat |
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Most common supratentorial tumor in children
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Craniopharyngioma
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CNS d/o marked by bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity
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Parkinsons disease
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Spastic w/ increased DTRs, UMN or LMN lesion
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UMN
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Typical age of onset for MS? What is the gross anaomaly?
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20-40 yo
demylination |
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Primary hormone produced in excess in Cushing's syndrome?
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Cortisol
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General class of adrenal products produced in excess in Conn's disease and what is its effect on serum Na?
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Aldosterone
-increases Na |
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Contrast Graves & Plummer's hyperthyroidism in terms of follicle size and colloid amt in thyroid
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Graves - small follicles, little colloid
Plummer's - Lg follicles w/ colloid accumulation |
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4 major types of thyroid tumors? Most common?
|
Papillary CA (most common)
Follicular CA Anaplastic CA Medullary CA |
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PTH and Ca levels in hypoparathyroidism? pseudohypoparathyroidism?
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Hypo - PTH (L), Ca (L)
Pseudohypo - PTH (H), Ca (L) |
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Which DM associated with ketoacidosis? obesity?
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Type I - ketoacidosis
Type 2 - obesity |
|
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4 organs involved in MEN I
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Adrenal cortex
Parathyroid Pancreas Pituitary |
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ABCs melanoma
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Asymmetry
Border irregularity Color (Diameter change) |
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Skin disease due to autoantibodies against intercellular junction between keratinocytes
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Pemphigus
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2 organs most affected by mercury poisoning
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CNS
Kidney |
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Guanine analog that is DOC for HSV-1 & 2
|
Acyclovir
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Color of Gram + bacteria
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Purple
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Kind of colitis is a risk after use of broad-spectrum antibiotics? Causative agent?
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Pseudomembranous colitis
C. difficle |
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Destruction of what organ causes deaths associated with acetaminophen OD
|
Liver
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Most renal calculi comprised of
|
Calcium
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Kind of aneurysm Marfan's pts are predisposed to
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Aortic
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Germ cell tumor ass. w/ painless enlargment of testes, often curable b/c of radiosensitivity
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Seminoma
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Causative agent of condyloma acuminatum? Condyloma lata?
|
acuminatum - HPV
lata - T. pallidum (syphilis) |
|
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Source of alpha-amanitin
|
Poison mushrooms
|
|
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Pt is (+) HBsAg
|
Pt has active HBV infection
|
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Pt presents with small amt rectal pain, significant amt bright red blood in stool, numerous pseudopolys. What disease?
|
Ulcerative colitis
|
|
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Kind of tumor (other than ass. w/ colon CA) are seen in Turcot's disease?
|
Brain tumor
|
|
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#1 germ cell tumor in men
|
Seminoma
|
|
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4 subtypes of Hodgkin's disease? How does that relate to Reed-Sternberg cells
|
lymphocyte predominant
nodular sclerosis mixed cellularity lymphocyte depletion *further down list, more Reed-Sternberg cells = poorer Px |
|
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Inheritance pattern Achondroplasia
|
AD
|
|
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How do Gilbert & Crigler-Najjar differ in terms of uptake?
|
Gilbert - mild impairment
Crigler-Najjar - severe impairment |
|
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3 cell types that C3a and C5a stimulate histamine release
|
Basophils
Mast cells Platelets |
|
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Type of fungal infections that amphotericin B used to tx
|
Cryptococcal meningitis
Aspergillus Mold (mucormycosis) |
|
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DOC Amebiasis
|
Metronidazole
|
|
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DOC CMV
|
Ganciclovir
|
|
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DOC P. carinii
|
TMP-SMX
|
|
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DOC Cryptococcus neoformans
|
Fluconazole
|
|
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Bacterium with NO cell wall
|
Mycoplasma
|
|
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Effect botulinum toxin has on neurons? Effect on body?
|
Blocks ACh release --> flaccid paralysis
|
|
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Classify Mycobacterium tuberculosis in terms of oxygen requirements
|
Obligate aerobe
|
|
|
2 most common causes of OM
|
S. pneumonia
H. influenza |
|
|
most common cause pneumonia in young adults
|
Mycoplasm
|
|
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Most common cause meningitis in neonates
|
GBS (S. agalactiae) > E. coli > Listeria
|
|
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Most common cause bacterial endocarditis
|
S. viridans
|
|
|
Only species that is Grp A beta-hemolytic streptococcus
|
S. pyogenes
|
|
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Describe S. viridans in terms of hemolytic nature, bile solubility, optochin sensitivity
|
Gram +
alpha hemolytic Bile insoluble Optochin R |
|
|
Infections w/ what organism a/w Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
|
N. meningitis
|
|
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Gram stain E. coli
|
Gram -
|
|
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2 bacterial species arranged in growth pattern like "Chinese characters"
|
Coryne-bacterium
Listeria |
|
|
2 major toxins produced by C. perfringens and what disease are the result of these toxins
|
alpha toxin - gas gangrene
enterotoxin - food poisoning |
|
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Compare E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella in terms of gram stain, motility, lactose fermentation
|
E.coli - G (-), motile, lactose fermenter
Salmonella - G (-), motile, No lactose fermentation Shigella - G (-), non-motile, No lactose fermentation |
|
|
Most common cause UTI
|
E. coli
|
|
|
Organism that causes pneumonia w/ "current jelly sputum"
|
Klebsiella
|
|
|
Comma-shaped organism causes rice water stool
|
Vibrio colera
|
|
|
Pasteurella common pathogen found in wounds cause by? 2 types of infections common to Pasteurella infection?
|
Dog & cat bites
Cellulitis, osteomyelitis |
|
|
Organism creates greenish blue exudate or pus, smells musty, troublesome for burn pt?
|
Pseudomonis
|
|
|
Most "illness" and morbidity of TB infection due to primary or due to reacitvation of previous infection
|
Reactivation
|
|
|
2 bacterial genera (commonly confused w/ fungi d/t filamentous, branching growth) How do they differ in terms of natural habitat & O2 requirements
|
Actinomyces - normal oral flora, anaerobic
Nocardia - soil, aerobic |
|
|
Causative agent of Lyme disease & name of the primary lesion
|
B. burgdorferi
Erythemia migrans |
|
|
What form are chlamydia infective?
|
Elementry bodies
|
|
|
Most common cause of non-gonococcal urethritis
|
Chlamydia trachomatis
|
|
|
3 types of typus, causative agent, vectors
|
Epidemic - R. prowazekii, lice
Endemic - R. typhi, flea Scrub - R. tsutsugamushi, mite |
|
|
Demyelinanting dz (often follows viral infection) and affects peripheral n. (mostly motor) ascends to cause m. weakness and paralysis
|
Guillian-Barre
|
|
|
How many thoracic vertebrae
|
12
|
|
|
5 structures must be present for a rib to be a "typical rib"
|
Head
Neck Tubercle Shaft Angle |
|
|
Scapular spine is at what vertebral level
|
T3
|
|
|
Route of transmission and incubation time for HCV
|
Parenteral
1-2 months |
|
|
Composition of most kidney stones
|
Ca
|
|
|
2 species of bacteria associated w/ development of struvite
|
(staghorn calculi - Mg-NH3-P)
Proteus Staph saprophyticus |
|
|
Organs affected by MEN type 1? MEN type 2A?
|
1 - adrenal cortex, parathyroid, pancreas, pituitary
2A - adrenal medulla, thyroid medulla, parathyroid |
|
|
Soles of the feet of Friedreich's ataxia pts?
|
Pes cavis
|
|
|
ALS is a dz of UMN? LMN? or both
|
BOTH
|
|
|
2 bones (when fx) prone to avascular necrosis
|
Femoral head
Scaphoid |
|
|
Increased conjugated or unconjugated bilirubin in
-Gilbert's -Crigler-Najjar -Dubin-Johnson -Rotor |
-unconj
-unconj -conj -conj |
|
|
Different in rerms of formation, components, dangers of and a/w complete v. incomplete hydatidiform mole
|
Complete - no embryo/placenta, 46 XX, all paternal, increase risk choriocarcinoma
Incomplete - embryo & placenta present, triploid or tetraploid |
|
|
20 yo M c/o bloody loose stool, mild abd pain, symptomatic arthritis, iritis. What dz tops your differential
|
Ulcerative colitis
|
|
|
Causative agent 5th disease? 2 other terms for 5th dz?
|
Parvovirus B19
Slapped cheek Erythema infectiosum |
|
|
Difference of the lesional evolution in chickenpox and smallpox
|
Chickenpox - asynchronus
Smallpox - synchronus |
|
|
Type of coxsackie virus a/w myocarditis? Hand-foot-mouth disease?
|
Coxsackie B
Coxsackie A |
|
|
Virus that causes measles? German measles?
|
Rubeola
Rubella |
|
|
Type of dz or d/o does rotavirus cause? What family does rotavirus belong?
|
Gastroenteritis in kids
Reo family |
|
|
4 classes ATb inhibit translation in bacteria?
|
AG
Erythromycin (Macrolides) Chloramphenicol / Clindamycin Tetracycline |
|
|
What similarity do methotrexate, trimethoprim and pyrimethamine have in common in terms of MOA?
|
Inhibit dihydropterate reductase
|
|
|
MOA rifampin and what dz is it used to tx
|
Transcription inhibitor
TB (mycobacterium) |
|
|
What level does the SC end in most ppl
|
L1-2
|
|
|
Why is lower lumbar sping most susceptible to herniated IV discs
|
-posterior longitudinal lig thinned
-increased vertical load |
|
|
M. primary hip flexor
|
Ileopsoas
|
|
|
How does a pathologically small Ferfuson's angle affect curvature of the lumbar spine
|
Decreased lumbar lordosis
|
|
|
Pt suffering from herniated L3 IV disc, what nerve root affected
|
L4
|
|
|
Major types of spina bifida and contents herniated
|
Occulta - none
Meningiocele - meninges Myelomeningiocele - SC & meninges |
|
|
Term for anterior displacement of 1 vertebra w/ respect to 1 vertebra inferior to it
|
Spondylolisthesis
|
|
|
Vector for Hantavirus? Body system affected?
|
Deer mice
Lungs |
|
|
Causative agent of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
|
Measles (rubeola)
|
|
|
4 types of prion disease
|
Kuru
Scrapie Creutzfeldt Jakob BSM |
|
|
Generic term for HIV (or any other virus) when it integrates into host cell's genome
|
Provirus
|
|
|
HIV glycoprotein mediates HIV binding to CD4 R? fusion to host cell?
|
gp120
gp41 |
|
|
Dermatome for umbilicus
|
T10
|
|
|
Cryptococcus: yeast or mold?
|
yeast
|
|
|
Tissue specimen reveals cigar shaped budding yeast: what is causative agent?
|
Sporothrix
|
|
|
Slide made from vaginal swab - pseudohyphae. Organism?
|
Candidiasis
|
|
|
Different stages of Plasmodium
|
Sporozoites --> merozoites --> hypnozoites (liver) --> RBC trophozoites --> RBC schizont --> {either RBC gametocyte OR merozoites} --> gametocyte into mosquito and fuse --> sporozoite
|
|
|
Species of Plasmodium that is most severe and life-threatening
|
P. falciparium
|
|
|
Causative agent of Kala-Azar? Another name for the disease?
|
L. donovani
"black sickness" |
|
|
Vector and causative agent of Chagas disease?
|
Kissing bug
Trypanosoma cruzii |
|
|
DOC Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Trichomonas
|
Metronidazole
|
|
|
Where do these eventually settle?
S. mansoni S. japonicum S. hematobium |
Colon
Sm intestine Urinary bladder |
|
|
Genetic term for cestode
|
Tapeworms
|
|
|
Type of nematode causes perianal pruritis, esp. at night?
|
Enterobius vermicularis
(pinworm) |
|
|
Km of enzyme is high, what is its affinity for substrate?
|
LOW
|
|
|
What 2 amino acids does trypsin cleave? At what end?
|
Arg
Lys Carboxyl end |
|
|
What amino acid is the source for GABA
|
Glutamate
|
|
|
Basic molecular type of exotoxins
|
Polypeptides
|
|
|
PAS characteristic of Whipple's disease
|
PAS (+)
|
|
|
Why is Takayasu disease called "pulseless disease"
|
Aortic thickening via granulomas
No good elastic recoil |
|
|
Which are motile?
E.coli Salmonella Shigella |
E.coli & Salmonella
|
|
|
Ab that crosses placenta
|
IgG
|
|
|
Mechanism of killing Plasmodium by Chloroquine? Primaquin?
|
Chloroquin
-poison heme -lyse RBC containing plasmodium -alkalyzes food vacuole -inhibits DNA synthesis Primaquin -kills hypnozoites -prevents gametocyte formation |
|
|
Type of Staph species most a/w UTI
|
S. saprophyticus
|
|
|
Enzyme that methotrexate inhibits? What major product can no longer be produced?
|
Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase
Can't make nucleic acids and DNA |
|
|
DOC leishmaniasis
|
Stibogluconate
|
|
|
Common contaminating agents/sources that freq serve to contaminate bodies of water w/ leptospira interrogans
|
Dog, cat, rat urine
|
|
|
HLA type is psoriatic arthritis? Other disease a/w same HLA?
|
HLA B27
Ankylosing spondylitis & Reactive arthritis |
|
|
#1 cause for amenorrhea
|
Pregnancy
|
|
|
Prader Willi d/t maternal or paternal deletion of 15q 11-13 chromosome
|
Paternal
|
|
|
MOA gold in tx RA
|
Suppresses macrophages and phagocytes (decreases lysosomal enzymatic activity)
Prevents worsening |
|
|
DOC for acute attack of gout
|
Colchicine
|
|
|
How many vertebrae is the sacrum comprised?
|
5
|
|
|
3 accessory ligaments of the sacrum? Attachments?
|
Sacrotuberous - sacrum to ischial tuberosity
Sacrospinous - sacrum to ischial spine Iliolumbar - ileum to L4-5 & SI joint |
|
|
What ligaments are usually first to become tender whenever there is lumbosacral dysfunction
|
Iliolumbar
|
|
|
3 function of the piriformis
|
External rotation
Thigh extension Abd of thigh when hip is F |
|
|
Nerve root contributions to lumbar plexus? sacral plexus? sciatic n?
|
T12-L4
L4-S3 and some of S4 L4-S3 |
|
|
4 types of sacral motion? What conditions are these motions engaged? Horizontal axis of each?
|
Inherent - S2
Respiratory - S2 Postural - torso F, sacrum E - S3 Dynamic - ambulation - oblique |
|
|
L5 rotated L, what direction will sacrum be rotated?
|
Right
|
|
|
L5 SB R, what side is an oblique axis of the sacrum engaged?
|
R
|
|
|
Primary enzyme in glycolytic pathway that is inhibited by ATP and citrate, activated by AMP and fructose 2,6-diphosphate
|
PFK-1
|
|
|
What effect dose phosphorylation have on hormone sensitive lipase
|
Activates it
|
|
|
What class of steroids are glycocholate and taurocholate? cortisol? DHEAS?
|
Bile acids
Glucocorticoid Androgen |
|
|
What layer of adrenal cortex produces aldosterone? cortisol? testosterone?
|
Granulosa
Fasiculata Reticularis |
|
|
Do the testes make glucocorticoids and aldosterone?
|
No
|
|
|
In male peripheral metabolism, to what 2 types of molecules is testosterone converted?
|
Estradiol & DHT
|
|
|
What cells of the ovary have the same cholesterol-dependent pathway and the same products of that pathway as Leydig cells of the testes?
|
Theca --> androgens
|
|
|
In the granulosa cells of the ovary, to what 2 molecules is androstenedione directly converted?
|
Testosterone & Estrone
|
|
|
How does female peripheral metabolism differ from male with regard to the cholesterol-dependent products
|
F - estroil
M - DHT |
|
|
Does the corpus luteum make estrogen?
|
NO
(only progesterone) |
|
|
In 17 alpha hydroxylase deficiency, what major adrenal gland hormone is made abundantly? what major adrenal gland hormones are not made in sufficient quantities?
|
-Aldosterone
-Cortisol and androgens |
|
|
In 21 alpha hydroxylase deficiency, what 2 major adrenal gland hormones are not made in sufficient quantities?
|
Aldosterone & Cortisol
|
|
|
What 2 major adrenal gland hormones are not produced sufficiently in 11 beta hydroxylase deficiency?
|
Aldosterone & Cortisol
|
|
|
Is fat lysis or synthesis stimulated by insulin? glucagon? GH?
|
Synthesis
Lysis Lysis |
|
|
Name the 2 purines
|
Adenine
Guanine |
|
|
Name the 3 pyrimidines
|
Uracil
Thymidine Cytosine |
|
|
In Lesch Nyhan disease, defective HGPRT in the inability to salvage purine bases, such that they are all degraded to this molecule?
|
Uric acid
|
|
|
The segment of bacterial DNA that consists of a promoter, an operator, and 1 or more structural genes is called?
|
Operon
|
|
|
How many structural genes may be a/w a promoter in prokaryotes? Eukaryotes?
|
Several
1 |
|
|
+ seated F test on L w/ presence of a sacral oblique axis. What side is the axis on?
|
Right
|
|
|
What does the standing F test evaluate that the seated F test does not?
|
LE
|
|
|
R ASIS inferior, R PSIS superior, + standing F on R, what is the innominate dysfunction?
|
Anterior rotation on R
|
|
|
R ASIS superior, R PSIS superior, + standing F on R, what is the innominate dysfunction?
|
R superior shear
|
|
|
4 causes for a superior public shear
|
Tight rectus abdominus
Trauma to ipsilateral LE Posterior innominate rotation 3rd trimester pregnancy/delivery |
|
|
R ASIS more lateral, + standing F on R, what is the innominate dysfunction
|
R outflare
|
|
|
Which sacral dysfunction VERY common in postpartum females
|
Bilateral sacral F
|
|
|
What is the most common type of sacral shear
|
Unilateral sacral F
|
|
|
Told that a pt has L on L, what type of sacral dysfunction do they have?
|
Forward torsion
|
|
|
Sacral dysfunction, what area of the spine should be evaluated and tx?
|
L5
|
|
|
What class of drugs is captopril & enalapril
|
ACE inhibitor
|
|
|
What are the 4 major SE in terms of electrolytes, urea, and glucose that may occur w/ thiazide use?
|
Hyponatremia
Hypokalemia Hypercalcemia Increased urea Hyperglycemia |
|
|
Tern for region of DNA that encodes a single protein in a prokaryotes
|
Cistron
|
|
|
Major DNA polymerase in prokaryotes? Besides being about to catalyze DNA replication, what are the 2 important roles/abilities?
|
DNA poly III
3' exonuclease, proofread |
|
|
Type of polymerase produces leading strand in eukaryotic DNA replication? What one other ability does it have?
|
Delta
Helicase activity No proofreading, No exonuclease |
|
|
3 germ layers
|
Endoderm
Ectoderm Mesoderm |
|
|
Median umbilical lig came from what? Medial umbilical lig came from what structure in the fetus
|
Urachus
Umbilical a. |
|
|
What branchial arch are m. of mastecation? M. facial expression?
|
1st
2nd |
|
|
What pharyngeal pouches are thymus & inferior parathyroids?
|
3rd
|
|
|
Where are cervical cysts located? From what fetal structure are they derived from?
|
Anterior-lateral neck
Pharyngeal clefts |
|
|
What duct eventually develops into vas deferens & epididymis in male? into fallopian tubes in female?
|
Wollf
Muller |
|
|
What structures pass through
-foramen ovale -foramen spinosum -superior orbital fissure |
-CN V3, accessory meningeal a.
-Middle meningeal a. -CN III, IV, V1, VI, sympathetic n. ophthalmic v. |
|
|
Innervation of lateral rectus m. of eye? superior oblique m.?
|
CN VI
CN IV (LR6, SO4) |
|
|
M. above the eye becomes relaxed in Horner's syndrome d/t SNS? Physical result?
|
Muller's m.
Ptosis |
|
|
M. responsible for mydriasis? Mitosis?
|
Dilator pupillae
Sphincter pupillae |
|
|
Injury to 12th CN, what side will pt tongue deviate when sticks tongue out?
|
To side of dysfunction
|
|
|
Which pterygoid m. operates to open mouth?
|
Lateral
|
|
|
Which 1 laryngeal m. is NOT innervated by recurrent laryngeal n.? What innervates this m?
|
Cricothyroid m.
Superior laryngeal n. |
|
|
What m. paralyzed in scapular winging? What n. innervates?
|
Serratus anterior m.
Long thoracic n. |
|
|
N. root for musculocutaneous n? Axillary n.? Radial n.? Ulnar n.?
|
C5-6
C7 C7 C8-T1 |
|
|
Cutaneous loss a/w ulnar n damage? Musculocutaneous n. damage? radial n. damage?
|
4th-5th digits
Shoulder (E surface of forearm) AC fossa (posterior arm, dorsal hand) |
|
|
What n. risks injury w/ humeral fx?
|
Radial n.
|
|
|
Type of fx if fx of distal humerus?
|
Colles fx
|
|
|
Primary abductor of hip? Primary adductor? Primary internal rotator? Primary external rotator?
|
ABd - gluteus medius
ADd - adductor magnus/minimus IR - gluteus medius/minimus ER - gluteus maximus |
|
|
What type of glomerular dz is marked by crescent formation? How many types exist in this category?
|
RPGN
3 |
|
|
What type of glomerulonephritis is Goodpasture's dz?
|
Develops into RPGN (T1)
|
|
|
Pt presents w/ inhalation dysfunction ribs 3, 4, 5. What rib do you tx 1st?
|
Bottom - rib 5
|
|
|
Main motion OA? AA? Upper C?
|
OA - F/E
AA - Rotation UC - Rotation |
|
|
DOC for CMV retinitis? Esophageal candidiasis?
|
Gancyclovir
|
|
|
What generation of cephalosporins does cefazolin belong? Cefoxitin? Ceftriazone?
|
1
2 3 |
|
|
Warfarin OD antidote? BDZ OD?
|
Vitamin K
Flumazonil |
|
|
DOC for tapeworms
|
Niclosamide
|
|
|
DOC flukes
|
Praziquantil
|
|
|
Primary innervation of
Hamstrings Quadriceps femoris |
-Sciatic n.
-Femoral n. |
|
|
3 muscles that make up the "hamstrings"
|
Semitendinosis
Semimembranous Biceps femoris |
|
|
How is the ability to move the foot affected by a peroneal n. injury?
|
"foot drop"
Can't dorsiflex |
|
|
Contents of superior mediastinum
|
Esophagus
Trachea Thymus Great vessels |
|
|
Contents of the middle mediastinum
|
Heart
|
|
|
Contents of the posterior mediastinum
|
Descending aorta
Esophagus |
|
|
Contents of anterior mediastinum
|
Thymus as an infant
|
|
|
What point during cycle of heart contraction and relaxation is blood flow through the coronary a. greatest
|
Diastole
|
|
|
3 major arterial trucks arrise from aorta to feed abdominal viscera? What supplies sigmoid colon? Sm intestines? Transverse colon? Stomach?
|
Celiac - stomach
Superior mesenteric - sm. intestine, 1/2 transverse (R) Inferior mesenteric - Sigmoid, 1/2 transverse (L) |
|
|
3 signs of portal HTN (portocaval shunts)
|
Esophageal varices
Hemorrhoids Caput medusa |
|
|
Describe McBurnery's pt
|
1/2 between ASIS & umbilicus
|
|
|
Triad for peritonitis
|
Pain
M. tension/rigidity Rebound tenderness |
|
|
Name layers of spermatic cord (superficial to deep)
|
Superficial fascia
External fascia Cremaster m. Internal fascia Loose CT |
|
|
What a. does ovarian a. directly originate
|
Aorta
|
|
|
Compare Broca's aphasia w/ Wernicke's aphasia
|
Broca's - Non-fluent, comprehends
Wernicke's - fluent nonsensical, doesn't comprehend |
|
|
What cerebral a. supplies lateral cortex? Medial cortex?
|
lateral - Middle cerebral a.
Medial - anterior cerebral a. |
|
|
Name 5 s/s a/w transient ischemia involving vertebrobasilar a. insufficiency
|
N
Ataxia Vertigo Diplopia Facial numbness/weakness |
|
|
CN for taste? hearing? mastication? movement of trapezius? fascial expression? sensory from viscera?
|
taste - CN VII & IX
hearing - CN VIII mastecation - CN V trapezius - CN XI fascial expression - CN VII sensory to viscera - CN X |
|
|
What CN served by Edinger-Westphal nucleus? Inferior salivary nucleus? Dorsal motor nucleus?
|
EW - CN III
IS - CN IX DMN - CN X |
|
|
What part of the striatum atrophies in Huntingtons?
|
Caudate
|
|
|
What brainstem area is lost in Parkinson's disease?
|
Substantia nigra --> striatum
|
|
|
What part of the basal ganglion is site of copper accumulation in Wilson's disease? What 2 structures comprise this part?
|
Lentiform nucleus
Putamen & Globus pallidus |
|
|
Thalamus received ALL sensory input except what?
|
Smell
|
|
|
Part of brainstem destroyed in Wallenberg syndrome & what a. infarcts to bring about?
|
Lateral medulla infarct
Posterior inferior cerebellar a. |
|
|
Contralateral body pain & temp sensation is lost, what spinal tract has been injured
|
Spinal thalamic
|
|
|
What occurs to body if corticospinal tract is damaged
|
Contralateral body spastic paralysis
UMN problem |
|
|
What lesion tops ddx if m. weakness & loss of sensation R arm?
|
L middle cerebral a.
|
|
|
What lesion tops ddx if m. weakness & loss of sensationL leg?
|
R middle cerebral a.
|
|
|
Loss of sensation over buttocks & perineum along w/ loss of bowel control?
|
Cauda equina
|
|
|
What dermatome:
anus umbilicus great toe |
S5
T10 L4 (medial) |
|
|
What d/o if L5 TP articulates or is fused w/ sacrum
|
Sacralization
|
|
|
What gene - gp41 & gp 120 in HIV?
|
Env
|
|
|
What gene - p24 in HIV?
|
Gag
|
|
|
What gene - reverse transcriptase in HIV?
|
pol
|
|
|
What is p24 code for
|
Core capsid protein in HIV
(serologic marker) |
|
|
What comma-shaped organism causes rice-water stool, transmitted via contaminated water
|
Vibrio cholera
|
|
|
Typical duration of pain a/w MI
|
> 30 min
|
|
|
Why is thromboxane pro-coagulant
|
Platelet adhesion
|
|
|
What n. root tested in bicep reflex
|
C5
|
|
|
Test ROM shoulder, what test?
|
Aple's scratch test
|
|
|
Most common brachial plexus injury and what n. roots are damaged
|
Erb-Duchenne
C5-6 |
|
|
What tests are positive in thoracic outlet syndrome
|
Roas - parasthesia
Adson's - decreased blood via subclavian a. Aple's scratch - decreased ROM |
|
|
How does adhesive capsulitis develop
|
Trauma
|
|
|
Normal carrying angle of female
|
10-12 degrees
|
|
|
2 primary supinators of forearm
|
Bicep
Supinator |
