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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
name the stain for each situation:
mycobacterium/norcardia cryptococcus blood smears iron polysaccharides/mucopolysaccharides amyloid |
mycobacterium/norcardia - ziehl neelsen
cryptococcus - india ink blood smears - giema stain iron - prussian blue polysaccharides/mucopolysaccharides - PAS amyloid - congo red |
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describe the steps for gram staining
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1) add crystal violet
2) add iodine for mordant 3) add alcohol fordecolorization 4) add safranin to turn it pink/red. |
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what component of the spore allows it to survive for thousands of years?
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dipicolinic acid = dehydrates the cell
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what are 3 clinically impt encapsulated bacteria
what pt population will have the most problems? |
streptococcus pneuoniae (pneumococcus)
Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) Haemophilus influenzae patients who had splenectomy |
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key differences between endotoxin and exotoxin
(in terms of Ab production, heat, and origin) |
endotoxin: part of the Gram (-) structure (eg. Lipid A component of LPS), heat stable and NOT antigenic because it's NOT protein. No ab production.
extotoxin: produced by the Gram (-) bacteria. heat labile and Very antigenic because it IS a protein. Ab production. |
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What is a toxoid?
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a deactivated version of exotoxin used in vaccines
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what vaccines use toxoids?
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corynebcterium diphtheriae
clostridium tetani bordetella pertussis |
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What is considered a superantigen?
symptoms? |
TSST-1 (toxic shock syndrome toxin)
binds directly to class II MHC proteins therefore directly and quickly overstimulates the immune system. fever, rash, desquamation, diarrhea THEN hypotension THEN shock THEN death |
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treatment for gas gangrene
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1) surgical debridement
2) pen G + clindamycin 3) +/- hyperbaric oxygen |
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DOC for anthrax.
empiric tx? |
penicilin IF sensitive
empiric: (3 drugs) ciprofloxacin OR doxycycline + clindamycin AND/OR rifampin continue for 60 days for bioterrorism or 7-10days for endemic cutaneous anthrax |
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painless ulcer with black crust and massive edema
what is this? |
cutaneous anthrax - MOST COMMON FORM
NEVER EVERR EVEER POP!!!! (aka malignant pustule) |
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what two organisms have "chinese character" formations?
other similar characteristics? how can you differentiate? |
listeria and corynebacteria
both are gram positive, non-sporing rods corynebacteria - no movement listeria - tumbling movement |
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top 3 drugs to cause pseudomembranous colitis?
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clindamycin
cephalosporins ampicillin |
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what and who has the following:
O antigen H antigen K antigen |
O antigen = LPS = all gram (-) bacteria
H antigen = flagella = escherichia, salmonella K antigen = capsule = klebsiella, escherichia, salmonella |
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what culture medium is needed for diptheria
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loeffler's telluride
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what are 3 causes of reiter's syndrome
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samonella
shigella campylobacter chlamydia |
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what is the rash pattern/spread for
typhus and rocky mountain spotted fever? |
typhus = rash spreads from trunk to periphery
rocky mtn spotted fever = from extremities to trunk |
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what is it called when you become ill with flu-like symptoms, fever, myalgias, chills after being treated for either treponema, borrelia, or leptospirosis
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jarisch-herxheimer reaction
the lysis of spirochetes (eg lyme disease and syphilis) causes a massive release of endotoxin like molecues. |