Guide 8 The Sentence Correction

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Titel

Sentence correction

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Auter

Page 350

Publish

Gender

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Independent Clauses

Back 2

بنود مستقلة

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The most common coordinating conjunctions are the FANBOYS: for,and, nor, but, or, yet, so.

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The Labrador Retriever, often abbreviated to Labrador or Lab, is a medium-large gun dog from the United Kingdom that was developed from imported Canadian fishing dogs

Most instances of meaning errors fall into one of three major categories:

1. Choose your words

2. Place your words

3. Match your words

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Modifies

Back 4

a word or group of words that gives additional information about another word. Modifies can be adjectives (such as ‘fierce’ in ‘the fierce dog’), adverbs (such as ‘loudly’ in ‘the dog barked loudly’), or phrases (such as ‘with a short tail’ in ‘the dog with a short tail’).

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influx

Back 5

the arrival of large numbers of people or large amounts of money, goods etc, especially suddenly

تدفق

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middlemen

Back 6

الوسطاء في الجمله

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warmup

Back 7

تسخين

Front 8

(A) original T, (B) boldface T, (C) neither T (D) both T

No matter how much work it may require, getting an MBA turns out to be awise investment for most people.

Even though it requires much work

1بغض النظر عن مقدار العمل الذي قد يتطلبه

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1. (A): The original sentence does not say that getting an MBA requires a lot ofwork. The expression no matter how much work it may require simply says thatthe amount of work (whether large or small) does not matter.

The revisedversion eliminates the word may, so that the new sentence does say that an MBArequires a lot of work. This change of meaning is UNJUSTIFIED

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The driver took the people for a ride who had been waiting.

the people who had been waiting for a ride

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(B): In the original sentence, the modifier who had been waiting does notclearly modify the people. It appears, illogically, to modify the closer noun (the ride).

The boldface version moves who had been waiting next to the people, thusmaking clear that it is the people who had been waiting. This change of meaningis JUSTIFIED.

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Rising costs to raw materials may impelus دفع to rise prices farther.ابعد مسافة

costs of raw materials may impel us to raise prices furtherبالإضافة إلى ذلك

يشير الى الزمن

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(B): The boldface version makes several changes to the meaning of theoriginal sentence. All of these changes are JUSTIFIED.The switch from cost to to costs of is JUSTIFIED. Costs to X are what X has topay, whereas costs of X are how much somebody must pay to buy X.

The lattermeaning makes much more sense here, because raw materials are being paid for,not doing the paying.The switch from rise to raise is JUSTIFIED. Raise is a verb that always takes adirect object: The Fed (subject) raised the interest rate (object) in March.

Rise isused only in contexts where there is no direct object: Interest rates (subject) rosein March.

In this sentence, prices are a direct object, so the verb must be raise.The switch from farther to further is JUSTIFIED.

Farther refers only to distance(I can throw a javelin الرمحfarther than you can) whereas further refers to degree ofsomething other than distance (We need further time and money for this

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She is the most dedicatedمخلص gardener on the block, watering the more than 50plants in her yard every day.

watering more than the 50 plants in her yard every day

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D: The original version contains the phrase the more than 50 plants. Herethe words more than modify the number 50. The sentence therefore means that she waters her plants, of which there are more than 50. In the boldface version,the phrase changes to watering more than the 50 plants. Here the words more than are separated from the number 50, and therefore do not modify that number. The new version says that she waters something more than (i.e., in addition to) the plants—for instance, she might water her gravel walkway or hergarden gnomes or the neighbors’ plants. Both versions potentially make sense(though one implies she is a very dedicated gardener), so either version could becorrect.

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Hector remembers San Francisco as it was when he left 10 years ago

as though he had left ten years ago

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5. (D): The boldface version changes to the original version, but the new versioncould make sense.The original sentence says that Hector actually DID leave San Francisco 10years ago. The revised version says that he did NOT leave San Francisco 10years ago: the expression as though is used to discuss things that are untrue ordid not happen (You behave as though you were richer than Bill Gates!).Another important change in meaning comes because the revised version takesout the words it (i.e., San Francisco) was, and therefore does not refer directly tothe state of affairs in San Francisco 10 years ago

Front 13

Students at Carver High School are encouraged to pursue only those extra curricular activities from which stems success in college applications.

success in college applications stems

يتم تشجيع الطلاب في مدرسة كارفر الثانوية على متابعة الأنشطة الإضافية التي ينبع منها النجاح في طلبات الكلية. النجاح في طلبات الكلية ينبع

Stem:to stop something from happening, spreading, or developing

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6. (D): Both versions are correct! The original sentence inverts the normal orderof subject (success) and verb (stems = “originates”), but this inversion is possible after which or in similar positions. There is no change in meaning.

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After the test format was changed, scores subsequently dropped by morethan a 25% decrease.

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7. After the test format was changed, scores subsequently dropped by morethan 25%. Eliminate redundancy. You do not need both dropped and decrease,since both words convey the same idea. For the same reason, you do not needboth after and subsequently

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It is possible that the earthquake may have caused the building's collapse.

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8. The earthquake may have caused the building's collapse. Eliminateredundancy. It is possible that and may both express the same level ofuncertainty, so you can remove one of them without changing the intendedmeaning.

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Orinoco.com, a major internet retailer, announced mixed results for the second quarter: the number of people shopping at Orinoco.com grew by a 34% rise, but profit per customer fell sharply as consumers shifted to lower margin items in response to uncertain economic conditions

الهامش السفلي

Back 16

Orinoco.com, a major internet retailer, announced mixed results for the34%, but profit per customer fell sharply as consumers shifted to lower marginitems in response to uncertain economic conditions.

Eliminate redundancy.

By a 34% rise should be by 34%. The verb grew alreadyconveys the idea of an increase, so there is no need to use the noun rise.

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Although canals have experienced a severe decline in barge traffic over the past several decades, yetبعد with the rise in fuel costs, “shipping” by actual ships may once again become an important means of transporting goods within the country.على الرغم

القنوات قد شهدت

Back 17

Canals have experienced a severe decline in barge traffic over the pastseveral decades, yet with the rise in fuel costs, “shipping” by actual shipsmay once again become an important means of transporting goods withinthe country. (No Though at the beginning of the sentence.)Using both Though and yet is redundant. It is preferable to keep yet in order todelineate the contrast clearly; otherwise, you might mistakenly consider thephrase with the rise of fuel costs as part of the first clause

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The council granted the right to make legal petitions TO CITY OFFICIALS

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petitions

a written request signed by a lot of people, asking someone in authority to do something or change somethingpetition for/against

منح المجلس الحق في تقديم التماسات قانونية لمسؤولي المدينة

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Of mice

for milk

by 1800

in Zambia

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with her at

that level

to the store on

their orders

from the office

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In the waning days of the emperor's life, the conquest of new landson the borders of the empire was/were considered vital

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في الأيام الأخيرة

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1. The recent string of burglaries, in addition to poor building maintenance, have inspired the outspoken resident to call a tenants meeting.اجتماع المستأجرين

burglarizeto go into a building and steal things SYN burgle

. سلسلة عمليات السطو الأخيرة

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The recent string of burglaries, in addition to poor buildingmaintenance, has inspired the outspoken resident to call a tenantsmeeting. [String is used here as a singular noun. Omit the middlemen ofburglaries and in addition to poor building maintenance.]

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2. A new textbook focused on recent advances in artificial intelligence assigned by our instructor.

2. كتاب مدرسي جديد يركز على التطورات الحديثة في الذكاء الاصطناعي المعين من قبل مدربنا.

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2. A new textbook focused on recent advances in artificial intelligencewas assigned by our instructor. [The original is a fragment. A simple fixis to add a form of the verb to be, such as was.]تم تعيينه من قبل مدربنا

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3. The proliferation of computer games designed to involve many players at once were first developed before the widespread availability of high speed internet connections.

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Computer games designed to involve many players at once were firstdeveloped before the widespread availability of high-speed internetconnections. [This is a tricky one! The subject and verb have to makesense together, but the original sentence says that the proliferation…were first developed; this is illogical. Rather, the computer games were developed. The corrected sentence is just one possible rewrite.]You may want to pause to let the first half of this chapter sink in before youcontinue with the rest. Consider picking up this lesson again later today ortomorrow.

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A venomous snake designated the emblem of the rebellion by the insurgency.

شعار التمرد من قبل التمرد.

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1. A venomous snake was designed the emblem of the rebellion by theinsurgency. [The original is a fragment, with designated as a past participle. Asimple fix is to add a form of the verb to be, such as was.]

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A number of players have improved on the team have improved since last season.

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A number of players on the team since last season.CORRECT [A number of is plural.]

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Jack, along with some of his closest friends, is sharing a limo to the prom.

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Jack, along with some of his closest friends, is sharing a limo to the prom.تشارك سيارة ليموزين في الحفلة الراقصة.CORRECT [Omit middlemen beginning with words such as along with.]

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There is, according to my doctor, many courses of treatment available to me.

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4. There are, according to my doctor, many courses of treatment available tome.

[The subject many courses comes after the verb with there is or there are.]

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After all the gardening we did, the sun shining on the flowerbeds make abeautiful sight

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After all the gardening we did, the sun shining on the flowerbeds makes abeautiful sight. [Omit the middleman shining on the flowerbeds.]

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The decision to place the beautiful artifactsالآثار in out-of-the-way nooks aroundفي زوايا بعيدة عن الطريقthe mansion's various rooms was inspiring.

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The decision to place the beautiful artifacts in out-of-the-way nooks aroundthe mansion's various rooms was inspiring.

غرف القصر المختلفة

CORRECT. [Omit middlemanphrases beginning with to, in, and around.]

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Just around the corner is a fantastic bakery and a small supermarket.

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Just around the corner are a fantastic bakery AND a small supermarket.

[Ifyou rearranged the sentence, it would read: A fantastic bakery AND a smallsupermarket ARE just around the corner. The word and makes a compoundsubject, which is plural.]

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The music company was afraid of the accelerating decline of sales ofcompact disks would not be compensated by increased internet revenue.

Back 31

The music company was afraid THAT the accelerating decline of sales ofcompact disks would not be compensated by increased internet revenue.The original sentence has an independent clause (The music company was afraidof the accelerating decline of sales of compact disks) with another verb phrase—would not be compensated by increased internet revenue—inappropriatelytacked on. One way to fix the sentence is to replace the preposition of with that.

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The petroleum distillates were so viscous,لزج the engineers had to heat the pipeby nearly 30 degrees.

Back 32

The petroleum distillates were so viscous THAT the engineers had to heatthe pipe by nearly 30 degrees.The original sentence is a run-on sentence. To fix the sentence, you need toinsert that.

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The municipality's back-to-work program has had notable success,nevertheless, it is not suitable for a state-wide rollout for several reasons. يطرح

حقق برنامج "العودة إلى العمل" التابع للبلدية نجاحًا ملحوظًا ، ومع ذلك ، فهو غير مناسب لتطبيقه على مستوى الولاية لعدة أسباب.

Back 33

The municipality's back-to-work program has had notable success;nevertheless, it is not suitable for a state-wide rollout for several reasons.[semicolon before nevertheless

The word nevertheless is not a FANBOYS conjunction (such as and). As aresult, you need to use a semicolon, not a comma, before nevertheless.

Front 34

Historically, the Isle of Man had an economy based primarily on agricultureand fishing; now, one based on banking, tourism, and film production.

كان لجزيرة مان اقتصاد يعتمد أساسًا على الزراعة وصيد الأسماك

Back 34

Historically, the Isle of Man had an economy based primarily onagriculture and fishing; now, IT HAS one based on banking, tourism, andfilm production.Just like the words that come before a semicolon, the words that come after asemicolon must constitute a complete sentence. In the original sentence, thesecond part of the sentence does not form a valid independent clause.

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The Bentley trench, situated more than a mile and a half below sea level and completely covered by Antarctic glaciers, and it is the lowest point on the planet not under the oceans. خندق بنتلي ،

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The Bentley trench, situated more than a mile and a half below sea leveland completely covered by Antarctic glaciers, IS the lowest point on theplanet not under the oceans.

The original sentence has an independent clause linked to a sentence fragmentby the use of and. In the corrected version, one main clause combines all of the information given.

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1adjectives and Adverbs: Noun modifiers, such as adjectives, modify only a noun or apronoun. Adverbial modifiers, such as adverbs, can modify verbs, adjectives,prepositional phrases, even entire clauses, but they do not modify plain nouns.الأسماء العادية.

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Ex:: Max's grandmother is his supposed Irish ancestor.

is not actually his ancestor.

الصفه تشير الى الاسم ancester

Ex: Max's grandm other is his supposedly Irish ancestor

not actually Irish.

الظرف تشير الى الصفه Irish

In the first option, the adj supposed points to the noun ancestor, implyingthat Max's grandmother is not actually his ancestor.

In the second option, the adverb supposedly points to the adj Irish, implying that Max's grandmotheris not actually Irish.

Logically, Max's grandmother has to be his ancestor; if she weren't, the sentence would call her his supposed grandmother. Only the second option, then, has asensible meaning: Max's grandmother is supposedly Irish but she may not be after all.

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2.Noun Modifiers

Adjectives are the most simple noun modifiers .Many modifiers answer a specific question, above. When you can ask a who, what, which, or where question about a noun,and the answer points to the modifier, you have a noun modifier.

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The cat, which lives next door, is very noisy.

The cat that lives next door is very noisy

In the first example, you would already have to know which cat the speaker istalking about

The second example, by contrast, would be used to distinguish between multiple cats when you don't already know which cat the speaker wants to discuss. If three cats are playing in front of you, the speaker would specify the cat that lives next door, not the other two cats.

The “comma which” structure is an example of a nonessential modifier. Nonessential modifiers are usually separated outfrom the rest of the sentence by commas. The second sentence includes an example of an essential modifier. “The cat is very noisy,” nobody will know which cat you mean.

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3.Position of Noun Modifiers

A place and Allen and it's modifier as close together as possible

اعتماد طريقه السوال لمعرفة الترتيب الاصح

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Wrong: A hard worker and loyal team player, the new project was managed by Sue.

The sentence begins with an opening modifier set off from the rest of thesentence by a comma. Who is a hard worker and loyal team player? Not theproject! That's illogical.

Right: A hard worker and loyal team player, Sue managed the new project.

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3.Position of Noun Modifiers

Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods.

To get to his house, Jim biked along an old dirt road, which cut through the woods.

What cut through the woods? The road. Modifiers should be as close as possibleto the nouns they modify, so the second option is preferable.

To get to his house refers to the verb biked

Back 39

The box of nails, which is nearly full, belongs to Jean.

The noun box has two modifiers: of nails and which is nearly full.

Of nails is an essentialmodifier (which box? the box of nails), so it is placed immediately after box. The“comma which” modifier is a nonessential modifier,

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Possessive Noun are not nouns

اسم ملكيه

Mistake: Happy with his bonus, Bill's اسم ملكيهparty included bringing his friendsOutside for dinner

Right: Happy about his rise, Bill celebrates by taking his friends to dinner

Back 40

Logically, he should describe the happy average about the increase that Bell got. but,Possessive nouns are actually adjectives, not nouns, and a noun modifier has to do thatPoint to a name.

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4. Name modifier marks: Relativepronouns

الضمائر النسبية(الربط)

Mistake: We had an arrangement where he would do the cooking and cleaning.

Right: We had an arrangement in which he would cook and clean.بحيث

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5. Noun modifier markers : Prepositions and Participation

Researchers discovered that the most common risk factor is caused resulting in cholera epidemic is a lack of clean water supplies.

Resulting....... epidemic is participle

Of........ water is the preposition phrase

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5. Noun modifier markers : Prepositions and Participation

She plays football. plays = verb Playing football is fun. playing =subject[N

The girl playing football is my sister.

Playing football = noun modifier

She stayed up all day playing football Until she was the only one left field.

Playing football...the field = adverbial modifier

Back 42

She played the lottery yesterday. played = verb

She accidentally bought an expired lottery ticket. Expired = Modifier noun

Exhausted from her job, she bought 1a lottery ticketHoping to win big. Exhausted...Job = Adverb rate

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6.Adverbial Modifiers

As their name indicates, adverbial modifiers modify verbs and adverbs. These modifiers also answer questions, such as how, when, where, or why an action occurred, but this time, the answer will point to something other than a plain nounAdverb

The engineer rapidly IDENTIFIED the problem.

The engineer IDENTIFIED the problem rapidly is also correct

How did the engineer identifythe problem? (rapidly)

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Prepositional Phrase

The TEAM ATTENDS staff meetings on Mondays.

When does the team attendstaff meetings? (on Mondays)

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Present Participle with Commas

The ENGINEER FIXEDTHE PROBLEM, earning himself a promotion.

What happened when theengineer fixed the problem?(he earned himself a promotion)

Back 44

Past Participle with Commas

Exhilarated by the successful product launch,the TEAM CELEBRATED after work.

Why did the team celebrate?(the team was exhilarated bythe successful launch)

Front 45

He walked and caught up with his sister more rapidly.

The placement of the modifier rapidly indicates that he caught up with his sister more rapidly…than what?

Logically, he walked more rapidly than he had been walking before in order to catch up with his sister.

Back 45

The CEO declared that everyone had to work every day through theholidays to make the production deadline, but in calling for such an extreme measure, the company's employees were upset to the point of mutiny.

الاولى والاخيره جمل مستقله الوسط ربطconjunction

Front 46

The CEO declared that everyone had to work every day through theholidays to make the production deadline, الموعد النهائي للانتاج but in calling for such an extreme measureقياس متطرف , the company's employees were upset to the point of mutiny.

Back 46

The phrase in calling for such an extreme measure is a “comma –ing” modifier.Such modifiers refer to the entire clause to which they are attached.Which clause is that? The sentence has two:Logically, the CEO called for this extreme measure, not the employees.However, because the –ing modifier falls after the conjunction connecting thetwo clauses, the modifier refers to the employees, not to the CEO. The sentencecould be fixed in multiple ways:

Front 47

The CEO declared that everyone had to work every day through theholidays to make the production deadline, الموعد النهائي للانتاج but in calling for such an extreme measureقياس متطرف , the company's employees were upset to the point of mutiny.

Back 47

Right: In an extreme measure, the CEO declared that everyone had towork every day through the holidays to make the production deadline; her employees were upset to the point of mutiny.تمرد

Right: The CEO declared that everyone had to work every day through the holidays to make the production deadline, but in calling for such anextreme measure, she upset her employees to the point of mutiny.

In short, an adverbial modifier points to the right verb or clause as long as it is not structurally closer to some other verb or clause. An adverbial modifier does not necessarily have to be placed as close as possible to what it modifies.

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Picture a woman ice skating. She loses her balance, crashes to the ice, and thenclutches her ankle in pain. Which of these three sentences correctly describesthis scenario?

Back 48

Slipping on the ice, she broke her ankle.

Breaking her ankle, she slipped on the ice.

She slipped on the ice, breaking her ankle.

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Subordinators

also ,before,

unless, because ,

that, is,

yet, after,

while, since,

when ,so, that

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6.Adverbial Modifiers

Subordinators

Wrong: Citizens of many countries are expressing concern about the environmental damage caused by the widespread release of greenhouse gases may be impossible to reverse.

main clause (Citizens of many .......greenhouse gases)

There is nothing wrong with this main clause. What about therest of the sentence, which consists of the verb phrase may be impossible toreverse? This verb phrase has no subject. The GMAT wants you to think thatenvironmental damage is the subject of may be impossible to reverse

Front 50

Wrong: Citizens of many countries are expressing concern about theenvironmental damage caused by the widespread release ofgreenhouse gases may be impossible to reverse.

main clause (Citizens of ....... gases)

Back 50

Right: Citizens of many countries are expressing concern THAT theenvironmental damage caused by the widespread release ofgreenhouse gases may be impossible to reverse.

Right: Citizens of many countries are expressing concern about theenvironmental damage caused by the widespread release ofgreenhouse gases, DAMAGE THAT may be impossible to reverse.

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Wrong :she is not interested in playing sport, and she likes watch them on TV

Right she is not interested in playing sports, but she likes watching them on TV

Right although she is not interested in playing sports, she likes watching then on TV.

Back 51

workforce القوى العاملة

underminesيقوض يحطم يهدم

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7.Which vs. the Present Participle -ing

wrong in writing:

Wrong: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, WHICH has led to a rise in property values.

كاني اصف الجريمه في الجمله الخطاء

Right: The recent decrease in crime in our neighborhood has led to a rise in property values.

Right: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in property values.

يستخدم ing لتتابع الحدث

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The recent decrease in crime has led to a rise in property values, but decreased is a verb in the sentence. Whenever you use which, you must be referring to anoun.

Here, the neighborhood has not led to anything, nor has crime by itself.

Remember the rule:Use WHICH only to refer to nouns—never to refer to an entire clause.

One way to correct the sentence is to turn the first thought into a noun phraseand make this phrase the subject of the verb in the which clause, eliminatingwhich altogether:

Right: The recent decrease in crime in our neighborhood has led to a rise in property values.

Right: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a risein property values.

Again, in speech, people often break these rules

Do not use your ear for this one. Always test whichclauses to make sure that the which refers to the closest preceding main noun andnot the whole clause.

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8.Modifier vs. Core

Wrong: George Carlin, both shocking and entertaining audiences across thenation, who also struggled publicly with drug abuse, influenced and inspired a generation of comedians.

Better: Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin, who also struggled publicly with drug abuse, influenced and inspired a generation of comedians.

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In this better sentence, one nonessential modifier is placed before the noun and the other is placed after

Best: Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin influenced and inspired a generation of comedians

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Right: pushed to justify his decision , the manager froze and was unable to say anything, eventually breaking down in tear

المظلل modifier

الغير core

Back 54

Right the manager froze and was an able to say anything when he was pushed to justify his decision; he is eventually break down in tears

هنا جملتين core

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9.Quantity

Rule #1: Countable Uncountable

Modifiers Uncountable Modifiers

Many hats MUCH patience.

FEW stores LITTLE merchandise

بضائع

FEWER children. LESS money.

FEWEST shoes LEAST greed. NUMBER of chairs AMOUNT of furniture

NUMEROUS books great courge

Back 55

QuantityMore, most, enough, and all work with both countable (plural) and uncountable(singular) nouns:

more hats; more patience; most people; most furniture; enough hats;

enough patience; all people; all furniture.

Wrong: There were less Numidian KINGS than Roman emperors.

Right: There were fewer Numidian KINGS than Roman emperors.

unit nouns are countable: one dollar, two dollars, three dollars. Thus, they work withmost of the countable modifiers.الدولا ر يعد

اما كلمه فلوس لا تعد

but you cannotcount the noun money: one money (?), two moneys (?), stop.)

Right: We have less than 20 DOLLARS.

The amount of money, in whatever form, totals less than $20. If you write

هنا قصد كميه فلوس اقل

We have FEWER THAN twenty dollars, you would mean the actual pieces of paper.(You would probably say fewer than twenty dollar bills to make the point evenclearer.هنا حدد انها اوراق فلوس

Front 56

Upon setting foot in the Gothic cathedral, the spectacularly stained-glass windows amazed the camera-wielding tourists.المضلل نفس الكتاب تحته خط

Back 56

Upon is a preposition.The phrase Upon setting foot in the Gothic cathedral contains the gerundsetting. Who or what set foot in the cathedral? Logicallyit must be the tourists, not the windows. However, the noun windows is the subject ofthe sentence, and so windows seems to be the subject of setting

spectacularly: INCORRECT. An adverb such as spectacularly can modify manyparts of speech, but not a noun.

camera-wielding: CORRECT.Correction: Upon entering the Gothic cathedral, the camera-wielding tourists were amazed by the spectacular stained-glasswindows.

Correction: Upon entering the Gothic cathedral, the camera-wieldingtourists were amazed by the spectacular stained-glasswindows.

Front 57

2. A recent formed militia, consisting of lightly armed peasants and a few retired army officers, is fighting a bitterly civil war against government forces.

Back 57

Recent: INCORRECT. The adjective recent modifies militia, whereas logic calls for an adverb, recently, to modify formed.

Lightly: CORRECT. The adverb lightly modifies the past participle armed,which is being used as an adjective (armed modifies the noun peasants).

Retired: CORRECT. Retired is an adjective that modifies army officers. (You can also argue that retired is a past participle being used as an adjective.)

Bitterly: INCORRECT. The adverb bitterly modifies civil, but the writer surely meant to use an adjective (bitter) to modify the noun phrase civil war

Correction: A recently formed militia, consisting of lightly armed peasants and a few retired army officers, is fighting a bitter civil war against government forces.

Front 58

Angola, which was ravaged by civil war for many years after it gained independence from Portugal, which is now one of Africa's success stories, has an economy that grew by 21% last year, where parliamentary elections are to be held later this week.

Correction: Ravaged by civil war for many years after it gained independence from Portugal, Angola is now one of Africa'ssuccess stories: its economy grew by 21% last year, and parliamentary elections are to be held later this week.

Back 58

Which was ravaged…دمرfrom Portugal:

CORRECT. This relative clause modifies the noun Angola.

which is now one of Africa's success stories: INCORRECT. This relative clause illogically modifies Portugal (which is in Europe).

where parliamentary…this week: INCORRECT. A relative clause that begins with where must modify a noun that names a physical place, so this clause cannot modify year. The clause is too far away from Angola, however, to perform its intended role of modifying Angola.Repairing this deeply flawed sentence involves re arranging its components and incorporating some of the modifiers into main clauses:

Correction: Ravaged by civil war for many years after it gained independence from Portugal, Angola is now one of Africa'ssuccess stories: its economy grew by 21% last year, and parliamentary elections are to be held later this week.

Front 59

Mary buys cookies made with SugarFree, an artificial sweetener, which tastesas sweet as the corn syrup that her brother loves but having fewer calories thanin an equivalent amount of corn syrup.

Back 59

an artificial sweetener: CORRECT, but can be better. This appositive nounphrase modifies SugarFree, though it should be moved so that the whichmodifier is closer.which tastes…brother loves: CORRECT. Now that artificial sweetener has beenmoved, this modifier clearly modifies the artificial sweetener SugarFree.having…corn syrup: INCORRECT. The -ing modifier having…corn syrup ismeant to be parallel to the relative clause which tastes…brother loves. Whenrelative clauses are parallel, they should start with the same relative pronoun.

Correction: Mary buys cookies made with the artificial sweetenerSugarFree, which tastes as sweet as the corn syrup that herbrother loves but which has fewer calories than does anequivalent amount of corn syrup.

Front 60

5. People that are well-informed know that Bordeaux is a French region whosemost famous export is the wine which bears its name.

Back 60

that are well-informed: INCORRECT. This clause uses the relative pronoun thatto refer to people. Who must refer to human beings. Another problemwith that are well-informed is that it is wordy. Avoid relative clauseswhose only verb is a form of to be, because they can generally beexpressed more succinctly.whose most famous…bears its name: CORRECT. This clause modifies region.Notice that whose, unlike who and whom, can correctly modify nonhumanentities.which bears its name: INCORRECT. The context of this sentence calls for anessential clause to modify the wine, since the point of the clause is toidentify the wine. If the sentence ended with the wine, it would beincomplete. The clause should therefore begin with that rather thanwhich.

Correction: Well-informed people know that Bordeaux is a French regionwhose most famous export is the wine that bears its name.

Correction: Well-informed people know that Bordeaux is a French regionwhose most famous export is the wine that bears its name.

Front 61

6. People, who talk loudly on their cell phones in crowded trains, show little respect for other passengers

Back 61

who talk…crowded trains: INCORRECT. This clause is wrong because thecommas that enclose it make it a nonessential clause.To correct this error, removethe commas.Correction: People who talk loudly on their cell phones in crowded trainsshow little respect for other passengers.

Front 62

Of all the earthquakes in European history, the earthquake, which destroyedLisbon in 1755, is perhaps the most famous.

Back 62

which destroyed Lisbon in 1755: INCORRECT. This clause is wrong becausethe commas that enclose it make it a nonessential clauseTo correct the sentence, removethe commas and replace which with that.

Correction: Of all the earthquakes in European history, the earthquakethat destroyed Lisbon in 1755 is perhaps the most famous.

Front 63

The tallest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest that is on the border betweenNepal and Tibet.

Back 63

that is on…Tibet: INCORRECT. This clause is wrong because it is essential.To correct this sentence, put a comma after Everest and changethat to which.

Correction: The tallest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest, which is on the border between Nepal and Tibet.

Front 64

Unaccustomed to the rigors of college life, James's grades dropped.

Back 64

Unaccustomed to…college life: INCORRECT. As a noun modifier, the pastparticiple unaccustomed modifies the noun phrase James's grades.

Correction: Unaccustomed to the rigors of college life, James allowed hisgrades to drop.

Front 65

Regina returned the dress to the store, which was torn at one of the seams.طبقات

Back 65

which was…the seams: INCORRECT. This modifier is misplaced. It seems todescribe store, the adjacent noun; however, the modifier should modifydress. Thus, move the modifier next to dress. Since the modifier isrelatively short, simply insert it and set it off with commas.

Correction: Regina returned the dress, which was torn at one of theseams, to the store.

Front 66

Last night our air conditioner broke, which caused great consternation.ذعر

Back 66

which caused great consternation: INCORRECT. This modifier is dangling,تتدلىsince the sentence contains no noun correctly modified by the clausewhich caused great consternation. The author's intent is to comment xonthe event (the breakdown of the air conditioner), but the main clause doesnot name the event with a noun. Therefore, change the modifier to a verbmodifier, either a participle (causing …) or an absolute phrase (an eventthat caused …).Correction: Last night our air conditioner broke, causing greatconsternation.

Front 67

12. The negotiations AMONG the company, the union, and the citygovernment were initially contentious but ultimately amicable.

Back 67

The word between can only be used with two things. You must use the wordamong to describe relationships of three or more things. Ultimately is an adverb,and correctly modifies the adjective amicable.

Front 68

13. Jim is trying to reduce the AMOUNT of soda that he drinks; at lastnight's party, however, his resolve to drink LESS soda was sorely tested,AND he found himself quaffing A NUMBER of sodas.

Back 68

Number should be amount or quantity. Here soda is an uncountable substance—otherwise, soda would be sodas.The comma after drinks should be a semicolon, which would appropriatelyseparate two independent clauses: Jim is trying…that he drinks and at lastnight's party…sorely tested.Fewer should be less. Once again, regard soda as an uncountable substance.An and should be inserted after the comma after tested. This placement of andappropriately separates two main clauses: his resolve…was sorely tested and hefound…sodas.Many should be a number. Since there is an -s on the end of sodas, you knowthat sodas are now thought of as countable things—presumably servings of soda.A number of is an appropriate modifier for countable things.

Front 69

14. Between 1998 and 2003, there was heavy fighting in Parthia AMONGnumerous armed factions; this conflict, so much more complicated than aconventional war between two states, involved no FEWER than eightcountries and twenty-five militias.

Back 69

The first between is correct, since only two dates are mentioned.The second between should be among, since the fighting involved more than twofactions.Yet should be a semicolon. Yet is illogical because the action in the secondclause (this conflict…militias) did not happen despite the action in the firstclause (Between…factions), as a word such as yet suggests.The third between is correct, since only two states are mentioned.Less should be fewer, because countries and militias are countable entities.

Front 70

15. Most legislators—including MANY in the governor's own party—realize that the governor's budget would imperil the state's finances;nonetheless, the budget is likely to be approved, because few legislatorswant to anger voters by cutting spending or raising taxes.Much should be many, because legislators are countable.Nonetheless should be preceded by a semicolon. The clauses it connects areMost legislators…state's finances and the budget is likely to be approved.The comma before because is correct. Because is a subordinating conjunction;therefore, it can be separated from a main clause by a comma.

Back 70

ع

Front 71

The employees were upset by the company's low pay, poor workingconditions, and that they did not have enough outlets for theircreativity.This sentence has three comparable parts: the three things that upset theemployees. The structure of the first two parts is similar; both parts consist of anoun phrase (centered on the nouns pay and conditions, respectively).Right: The employees were upset by the company's low pay, poor workingconditions, and shortage of outlets for employees’ creativity.As a result, the phrase the company'scan now apply to each of the parallel parts:the company's low paythe company's poor working conditions

Back 71

خ

Front 72

Rule #2: Words Used to Relate Two Things vs. Words Used to Relate Three or More Things To relate two things, use comparative forms of adjectives and adverbs (better,worse, more, less).

the rabbit is faster than the toad.

superlative forms (best, worst, most, least)

the rabbit is the fastest of all of the animals at the farm.

between only with two things or people.

among use three or more things or people,

Right: I mediated a dispute BETWEEN Maya and Kalen.Right: I mediated a dispute AMONG Maya, Logan, and Kalen.

Back 72

Rule #3: The Word NumbersIf you wish to make a comparison using the word numbers, use greater than, notmore than (which might imply that the quantity of numbers is larger, not thenumbers themselves):Right: The rare Montauk beaked griffin is not extinct; its NUMBERS arenow suspected to be much GREATER than before.

Front 73

Rule #4: Increase and Decrease vs. Greater and Less

Increase and decrease express the change of one thing over time.

Greater and less signal a comparison between two things

Right: The price of silver INCREASED by 10 dollars.Right: The price of silver is five dollars GREATER than the price of copper.

Back 73

Watch out for redundancy in sentences with the words increase and decrease:Wrong: The price of silver FELL by a more than 35% DECREASE.fell is redundantRight: The price of silver DECREASED by more than 35%.Right: The price of silver FELL by more than 35%

Front 74

ch 5Parallelism Markers

The park was NEITHER accessible NOR affordable.They contended that the committee wasbiased BUT that it should not be disbanded.

Back 74

Wrong: I want to retire to a place WHERE I can relax AND I pay lowtaxes.

Right: I want to retire to a place WHERE I can relax AND WHERE I paylow taxes.

Some verbs or forms derived from verbs have more than one word: was opening

Right: There are many people WHO speak English BUT WHOSE parentsdo not.

Front 75

Chapter 5

Parallelism market

Back 75

Front 76

Ch5

Parallel elements

Back 76

Front 77

Back 77

2 Parallel elemet

Front 78

3 Superficial Parallelism vs. Actual Parallelism سطحي

Correct :Sal applied himself in his new job, arrived early every day, skipped lunch regularly, AND left late every night

the three latter activities do not have to have any connection toSal's job.

Back 78

Correct :Sal applied himself in his new job, arrived early every day, skipped lunch regularly, AND left late every nightthe three latter activities do not have to have any connection toSal's job.

Front 79

4

The importance of end

Back 79

Front 80

Historians have uncovered new evidence, confirming severaltheories.Historians have uncovered new evidence, giving rise to newhypotheses

Wrong: Historians have uncovered new evidence, confirming severaltheories AND gave rise to new hypotheses.

Back 80

Right: In today's news, technology stocks are up, while the pharmaceutical, energy, AND retail sectors are down.

Wrong: She argues that the agency acts with disregard for human life AND property AND reckless abandon

Right: She argues THAT the agency acts WITH reckless abandon AND

WITH disregard for human life AND property.

The three underlined items, which are all connected by and right now, are not allat the same logical level. The agency acts with disregard for human life and theagency acts with disregard for property. It does not, however, act with disregardfor reckless abandon; this is illogical.

Front 81

Back 81

Front 82

5 Parallel Meaning

A certain class of verb, the linking verb,

Right: The bouquet of flowers WAS a gift of love.

The subject, bouquet, and the object, gift, have to be parallel. In the sentenceabove, both are plain nouns, and therefore correctly parallel.

Contrast that sentence with the sentence below:

Wrong: The bouquet of flowers WAS a giving of love

Back 82

A giving is a gerund, or the noun form of a verb.

Gerunds can be parallel to other gerunds or to action nouns, but they cannot be parallel to plain nouns, such asbouquet.

Front 83

Back 83

٩

Front 84

Then, using your correct version of the sentence: (a)the parallelismmarkers, and (b) place [square brackets] around each set of parallel elements. Inthe solutions, key portions of the parallel elements will be capitalized.

1. Researchers have found a correlation between exercise and earning good grades.

2. Although we were sitting in the bleachers, the baseball game was as exciting to us as the people sitting behind home plate.

3. Many teachers choose to seek employment in the suburbs rather than facing low salaries in the city.

Back 84

Front 85

4. A good night's sleep not only gives your body a chance to rest, but alsoenergizing you for the following day.

5. The joint business venture will increase employee satisfaction and beimproving relations between upper management and staff.

6. The museum displays the work of a wide variety of artists, from those whoare world-renowned to who are virtually unknown.

7. We were dismayed to learn that our neighbors were untidy, disagreeable, and they were uninterested to make new friends.فزع

Back 85

Front 86

8. The students did poorly on the test more because they had not studied than the material was difficult.

9. The blizzard deposited more than a foot of snow on the train tracks,prompted the transit authority to shut down service temporarily, and causing discontent among commuters who were left stranded for hours

10. The experiences we have in childhood influence our behavior as adults.

Back 86

Adult

Front 87

11. The band chosen for the annual spring concert appealed to both the student body as well as to the administration.

12. Tobacco companies, shaken by a string of legal set backs in the United States,but which retain strong growth prospects in the developing world, face anuncertain future.

النكسات

Back 87

Front 88

13. Voters want to elect a president who genuinely cares about health care, the environment, the travails of ordinary men and women, has the experience,wisdom, and strength of character required for the job.

14. The consultant is looking for a café where there are comfortable chairs andthat provides free internet access.

15. Dr. Crock's claims have been notلقد كان corroborated by other scientists nor published in a prestigious journal but have nonetheless garnered a great dealof attention from the

Back 88

Front 89

Ch6ComparisonsIn short, comparisons follow the same general rules as parallelism 1.Comparison MarkersRight: Frank, LIKE his brother, has a broad and muscular build.Right: Frank's build, LIKE that of his brother, is broad and muscularRight: Frank's build, LIKE his brother's, is broad and muscular.

This comparison has the structure X, like Y. A similar marker might be Like X, Y.

Back 89

Like LIKE the cat, the dog is friendly.The cat, LIKE the dog, is friendly.UnlikeUNLIKE her parents, she has green eyes.In California, UNLIKE Florida, thehumidity is moderate

Front 90

AS Divya is smart, AS is Abby.

Than

You have earned a BETTER score THAN Ihave.

Cisco's revenues are considerably HIGHERTHAN Starbucks’.

As (adjective) as Mira is AS likely AS Sam to win thepromotion.

Back 90

DIFFERENT form

My current job is quite DIFFERENTFROM my last one. (pronoun one refers tojob)

In contrast to/withCanada's housing market did not suffermany difficulties during the economicdownturn, IN CONTRAST TO the housingmarket in the United States.

Front 91

Omitted Words

Right: My car is bigger than Brian's [car].Right: My house is smaller than the Smiths’ [house].

You can also omit units, verbs, and even whole clauses from the second term, aslong as there is no ambiguity in the comparison:

Right: Whereas I drink two quarts of milk a day, my friend drinks three[quarts of milk a day].

Right: I walk faster than Brian [walks].Right: I walk as fast now as [I walked] when I was younger.

Ambiguous: I like cheese more than YvetteRight: I like cheese more than Yvette DOES. (more than Yvette likescheese)

Right: I like cheese more than I DO Yvette. (more than I like Yvette)

Right: Apples are more healthy to eat than caramels.كراميلRight: Apples are more healthy to eat than caramels ARE

Back 91

3. Like vs. As

Like is used to compare nouns, pronouns, or noun phrases. Never put a clause ora prepositional phrase after like! (Remember, a clause contains a working verb,one that can be the main verb in a sentence.)

Right: LIKE her brother, Ava aced the test

نجحت آفا في الاختبارthe noun phrase her brother. The whole phrase Like herbrother indicates a comparison between Ava and her brother (two nouns).like can be followed by gerunds (-ing]Wrong: LIKE her brother DID, Ava aced the test.Right: AS her brother DID, Ava aced the test.

Front 92

4. Comparative and Superlative FormsRegular FormsComparative: She is SHORTER than her sister.Superlative: She is the SHORTEST of her five siblings.Comparative: You are MORE INTERESTING than he.Superlative: You are the MOST INTERESTING person here.

Back 92

compare an adverb that ends in -ly by changing the ending to -er.

This error is common in speech. Instead, add more:

Wrong: Adrian runs QUICKLY. He runs QUICKER than Jacob.Right: Adrian runs QUICKLY. He runs MORE QUICKLY than Jacob.

However, some adverbs that do not end in -ly are made into comparatives byadding -er:Right: Adrian runs FAST. He runs FASTER than Jacob.Wrong: With winter coming, I will have HIGHER energy bills.

The sentence implies the comparison than now. On the GMAT, however, youmust make that comparison explicit, using the word than:Right: I will have HIGHER bills THAN last year.

Front 93

1. Like many other states, Virginia is technically a common wealth.

2. I scored three goals in yesterday's game, as did Suzanne

Back 93

1. Like many other states, Virginia is technically a common wealth.CORRECT. The noun phrase many other states follows the comparison signallike. This noun phrase is being compared to the noun Virginia, which is thesubject of the sentence.

2. I scored three goals in yesterday's game, as did Suzanne.CORRECT. The word as sets up a comparison between two clauses: I scoredthree goals in yesterday's game and did Suzanne. The verb did in the secondclause stands for the entire verb phrase scored three goals in yesterday's game,which thus does not need to be repeated.

Front 94

3. Juggling is a favorite pastime for me, like for you.

4. The rapid development of India in the twenty-first century is like England in the eighteenth century

Back 94

3. Juggling is a favorite pastime for me, like for you.In this sentence, like is incorrectly followed by the prepositional phrase for you.Like can only be followed by a noun or noun phrase.Change the second term of the comparison to a clause. Notice the parallelism inthe verb is:

Correction: Juggling is a favorite pastime for me, as it is for you.It would not be correct to drop the preposition for and simply write

Juggling is a favorite pastime for me, like you.

The comparison would then be ambiguous: doyou mean to say that juggling is a favorite pastime for you or that you are afavorite pastime for me? In general, like does not form good comparisons withnouns or pronouns in prepositional phrases (e.g., for me), even if the prepositionis correctly omitted after like.

4. The rapid development of India in the twenty-first century is like England inthe eighteenth century.This sentence incorrectly compares the rapid development of India to England.The easiest way to fix the sentence is to include the phrase that of to make itclear that the comparison is between the rapid developments of both companies.

Correction: The rapid development of India in the twenty-first century islike that of England in the eighteenth century

Front 95

5. Law students learn to think like a lawyer does.

6. A leopard cannot run as fast as a cheetah.

Back 95

5. Law students learn to think like a lawyer does.This comparison can be made using either like or as. If you use like, however,you can't use the verb does, because like can't compare clauses.

Correction: Law students learn to think as a lawyer does.

OR Law students learn to think like a lawyer.

6. A leopard cannot run as fast as a cheetah.

CORRECT. The sentence is an abridgement of the longer sentence

A leopard cannot run as fast as a cheetah can run.

In the long version of the sentence, theclause A leopard cannot run is parallel to a cheetah can run. In the shortenedversion, which the GMAT would prefer for the sake of concision, the omittedwords, can run, are understood.Another acceptable version of this sentence is

A leopard cannot run as fast as acheetah can.

Here the helping verb can stands for the full verb phrase can run.

Front 96

7. A leopard cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah.

فهد

8. A leopard's skill in catching a wildebeest is as impressive as a cheetah.

Back 96

.7. A leopard cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah.

This sentence is ambiguous because it's unclear what is being compared to what.Does it mean that the wildebeest is as fast as a cheetah?Correction (a): A leopard cannot catch a wildebeest that runs as fast as a cheetah.

Or does it mean that the leopard catches the cheetah?Correction (b): A leopard cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as it can a cheetah.

.Or does it mean that the cheetah catches the wildebeest?Correction (c): A leopard cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah can

In this last version can stands for can catch a wildebeest, and the sentencecompares the two clauses A leopard cannot catch a wildebeest and a cheetahcan (catch a wildebeest). For the sake of concision, it is better to say can ratherthan the full can catch a wildebeest. Likewise, in correction (b), you can omitthe verb catch.

8. A leopard's skill in catching a wildebeest is as impressive as a cheetah.

This sentence makes an illogical comparison between a skill and a cheetah. Amore logical comparison would be between a skill (that of the leopard) andanother skill (that of the cheetah):

Correction: A leopard's skill in catching a wildebeest is as impressive as acheetah's.

OR A leopard's skill in catching a wildebeest is as impressive asthat of a cheetah.

Front 97

9. In contrast to the trapeze artists, who fumbled their routine, the antics of the circus clowns kept the audience entertained for hours. الطرائف

10. The clothes looked more appealing inside the store than on the racks outside.

Back 97

9. In contrast to the trapeze artists, who fumbled their routine, the antics of the circus clowns kept the audience entertained for hours.

This sentence makes an illogical comparison between trapeze artists and antics.A more logical comparison would be between trapeze artists and circus clowns.

Correction: In contrast to the trapeze artists, who fumbled their routine,the circus clowns kept the audience entertained for hours with their antics.

.تصرفاتهم الغريبة.الطرائف

10. The clothes looked more appealing inside the store than on the racks outside.

CORRECT. This sentence compares how some clothes looked inside the storewith how the same clothes looked on the racks outside. A less concise, butacceptable, version of this sentence would be

The clothes looked more appealing inside the store than they did on the racks outside.

There are no logical orgrammatical problems with either version of this comparison.

Front 98

11. The clothes inside the store looked more appealing than on the racks outside.

12. Thomas is more interested in video games than his girlfriend.

Back 98

11. The clothes inside the store looked more appealing than on the racks outside.

This sentence seems to compare some clothes (The clothes inside the store) to alocation (on the racks outside). It is hard to tell whether the author wants tocompare two separate sets of clothes or one set of clothes in two displaylocations.One way to correct the sentence would be to rewrite it as the sentence inproblem 10.Correction (a): The clothes looked more appealing inside the store than onthe racks outside.

This version makes sense because it puts the phrase inside the store after thecomparison signal more appealing, thus making that phrase available for acomparison with on the racks outside. In this version, there is one set of clothes,and the comparison is between how these same clothes looked inside the storeand how they looked on the racks outside. (Perhaps a customer brought theclothes into the store and is describing the different appearance of the sameclothes before and after the move.)Correction (b): The clothes inside the store looked more appealing than(did) those on the racks outside.This version compares two sets of clothes: the clothes inside the store and thoseon the racks outside. The word did is optional.

12. Thomas is more interested in video games than his girlfriend.

This sentence is ambiguous.

Correction (a): Thomas is more interested in video games than his girlfriend is.

Correction (b): Thomas is more interested in video games than (he is) in his girlfriend.

In the latter version, the words he is are optional because the parallelism betweenin video games and in his girlfriend makes the meaning clear.

Front 99

13. Although the towers appear identical, the west tower is the tallest, standing16 feet taller than the east tower.

14. Hugo is widely acknowledged to be our best employee, because he worksharder and more creatively than anyone else in the company.

Back 99

13. Although the towers appear identical, the west tower is the tallest, standing16 feet taller than the east tower.

Since this sentence compares only two items—the west tower and the east tower—use the comparative taller rather than the superlative tallest. You could makethe sentence grammatically correct by simply changing tallest to taller. To avoidpossible redundancy, however, it would be better to avoid using the word tallertwice.Correction: Although the towers appear identical, the west tower stands 16feet taller than the east tower.

14. Hugo is widely acknowledged to be our best employee, because he worksharder and more creatively than anyone else in the company.

CORRECT. In the first clause, Hugo is being singled out from among a group(employees), so use a superlative (best) to modify employee.In the second clause, there is a comparison between A and B, so use thecomparative forms rather than the superlative forms. (The comparison isbetween how he works and how anyone else in the company (works).)

Thecomparative form of the adverb creatively is more creatively. The comparativeform of the adverb harder is simply harder, because harder is a short adverbthat does not end in –ly

Front 100

15. Courtney's experiences at Haleford, a large research university withrenowned professors, affluent students, and imposing buildings, were unlike her high school on the reservation.تجارب كورتني في هاليفورد

Back 100

Courtney's experiences at Haleford, a large research university withrenowned professors, affluent students, and imposing buildings, were unlike her high school on the reservation.

، جامعة بحثية كبيرة بها أساتذة معروفون ،

This sentence makes an illogical comparison between experiences and highschool. A more logical comparison would be between one set of experiences(those at Haleford) and another set of experiences (those at her high school).

Correction: Courtney's experiences at Haleford, a large research university with renowned professors, affluent students, and imposing buildings, were unlike her experiences in high school on the reservation.

نركز ع الكلمه خلف أسلوب المقارنة لان الأصل المقارنة تجربتها

Front 101

Ch7Pronouns1. The Antecedent Must Exist and Be Sensible Although the term “supercomputer” may sound fanciful orexaggerated, it is simply an extremely fast mainframe that canحاسب مركزيexecute trillions of calculations every second.ينفذRight: Although the TERM “supercomputer” may sound fanciful orexaggerated, it simply REFERS TO an extremely fast mainframethat can execute trillions of calculations every second.

Back 101

2. The Antecedent and Pronoun MustAgree in Number

Confronted by radical changes in production and distribution,modern Hollywood studios are attempting various experiments in aneffort to retain its status as the primary arbiter of movieRight: Confronted by radical changes in production and distribution,modern Hollywood STUDIOS are attempting various experimentsin an effort to retain their status as the primary arbiters of movieconsumption.Right: Confronted by radical changes in production and distribution, themodern Hollywood STUDIO is attempting various experiments inan effort to retain its status as the primary arbiter of movieconsumption.

Front 102

disguises

Back 102

تمويه. اخفاء

Front 103

The MONEY spent by her parents is less than that spent by herchildren.The MONEY SPENT BY HER PARENTS is more than it wasexpected to be.The MONEY spent by her parents is less than that spent by herchildren.Her COMPANY is outperforming that of her competitor.Wrong: Her COMPANY is outperforming those of her competitors.Right: Her COMPANY is outperforming the companies of hercompetitors.Finally, on the GMAT, do not use this or these in place of nouns. A sentencesuch as This is great is unacceptably vague to the GMAT. Also, do not use thator those in place of nouns, unless you modify that or those to make them newcopiesSome Ambiguity Is AcceptableResearchers claim to have developed new “nano-papers”incorporating tiny cellulose fibers, which THEY allege give THEMthe strength of cast iron.Right: Researchers claim to have developed new “nano-papers”incorporating tiny cellulose fibers, which give THESEMATERIALS the strength of cast iron, according to theresearchers.Wrong: Her PRODUCTS are unusual; many consider these unique.Right: Her PRODUCTS are unusual; many consider them unique.

The MONEY spent by her parents is less than that spent by herchildren.The MONEY SPENT BY HER PARENTS is more than it wasexpected to be.The MONEY spent by her parents is less than that spent by herchildren.Her COMPANY is outperforming that of her competitor.Wrong: Her COMPANY is outperforming those of her competitors.Right: Her COMPANY is outperforming the companies of hercompetitors.Finally, on the GMAT, do not use this or these in place of nouns. A sentencesuch as This is great is unacceptably vague to the GMAT. Also, do not use thator those in place of nouns, unless you modify that or those to make them newcopiesSome Ambiguity Is AcceptableResearchers claim to have developed new “nano-papers”incorporating tiny cellulose fibers, which THEY allege give THEMthe strength of cast iron.Right: Researchers claim to have developed new “nano-papers”incorporating tiny cellulose fibers, which give THESEMATERIALS the strength of cast iron, according to theresearchers.Wrong: Her PRODUCTS are unusual; many consider these unique.Right: Her PRODUCTS are unusual; many consider them unique.

Back 103

7

Front 104

1. When the guests finished their soup, they were brought plates of salad.

Back 104

Front 105

2. All students need his or her own copy of the textbook in order to take theclass.

Back 105

Front 106

3. When tetrapods developed lungs, they became the first amphibians capableof surviving on land.

Back 106

Front 107

4. Meg left all her class notes at school because she decided that she could doher homework without it.

Back 107

Front 108

5. Some people believe that the benefits of a healthy diet outweigh that ofregular exercise.

Back 108

Front 109

6. Oil traders have profited handsomely from the recent increase in its price.

Back 109

Front 110

7. The players’ helmets need to be repainted before they are used in Sunday'sgame.

Back 110

J

Front 111

8. A few Shakespearean scholars maintain that he borrowed some of his mostmemorable lines from Christopher Marlowe.

Back 111

Front 112

9. The Smiths avoid the Browns because they dislike their children.

Back 112

Front 113

10. Our cat is cuter than those in the shelter.

Back 113

Front 114

11. Samantha took her laptop and her books with her on the airplane because shethought she could use these to get some work done.

Back 114

Front 115

Paceto control the speed that you move at in a race,Tackleto try to deal with a difficult problemDevisedto plan or invent a new way of doing somethingابتكار

Back 115

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Modifiera word or group of words that gives additional information about another word. Modifiers can be adjectives (such as ‘fierce’ in ‘the fierce dog’), adverbs (such as ‘loudly’ in ‘the dog barked loudly’), or phrases (such as ‘with a short tail’ in ‘the dog with a short tail’).Veteransomeone who has had a lot of experience of a particular activityمخضرمMiscellaneousmany different things or people that do not seem to be connected with each otherمتنوعSlota long narrow hole in a surfaceفتحاتForfeitto lose a right, Consensusan opinion that everyone in a group agrees with or accepts agreement

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