Sensory Systems

Front 1

Sensory systems

Back 1

Bring information into peripheral nervous system (afferent)

Front 2

Perception

Back 2

Conscious interpretation of the world based on sensory systems, memory, and other neural processes

Front 3

Somatosensory system

Back 3

System of the sensory of the skin

Front 4

Proprioception

Back 4

Perception of limb and body positions

Front 5

Sensory receptors

Back 5

Detect specific form of energy in the external environment

Front 6

Photoreceptors

Back 6

Receptors of vision

Front 7

Chemoreceptors

Back 7

Receptors of taste, smell, and pain

Front 8

Thermoreceptors

Back 8

Receptors of warmth and cold

Front 9

Mechanoreceptors

Back 9

Receptors of vibration, sound, and balance

Front 10

Pacinian corpuscle

Back 10

Senses vibration by means of pressure

Front 11

Sensory transduction

Back 11

Conversion of stimulus energy into electrical energy

Front 12

Receptor adaptation

Back 12

Decrease in amplitude of receptor potential over time in presence of constant stimulus

Front 13

Labeled lines

Back 13

Specific neural pathways transmitting information of a specific modality

Front 14

Sensory unit

Back 14

Single afferent neuron with all associated receptors

Front 15

The _______ (stronger or weaker) the stimulus, the more receptors activated.

Back 15

Stronger

Front 16

Acuity

Back 16

Precision with which a stimulus is perceived

Front 17

Two-point discrimination

Back 17

Ability to perceive two points on the skin

Front 18

Visceral receptors

Back 18

Receptors that detect stimuli in the external environment

Front 19

Visceral afferents

Back 19

Class of afferent neurons that are transmitted by visceral receptors

Front 20

Somesthetic sensations

Back 20

Sensations associated with the skin

Front 21

Special senses

Back 21

Vision, hearing, balance, taste, smell

Front 22

Sensory receptors

Back 22

Specialized structures that detect modality

Front 23

Modality

Back 23

Specific form of energy in the external environment

Front 24

Adequate stimulus

Back 24

Modality to which a receptor responds best

Front 25

The ____________ tract is responsible for pain and temperature.

Back 25

Spinothalamic

Front 26

Pain terminates in the ______ horn of the spinal cord.

Back 26

Dorsal

Front 27

Pain travels through what tract?

Back 27

The spinothalmic tract

Front 28

Visceral pain

Back 28

Pain originating in the internal organs; causes referred pain

Front 29

What kind of pain causes "referred" pain?

Back 29

Visceral pain

Front 30

Endogenous analgesia

Back 30

Endorphin release from rubbing painful area

Front 31

What enables the eye to focus on near objects?

Back 31

An increasing lens curve

Front 32

Emmetropia

Back 32

Normal vision

Front 33

Myopia

Back 33

Near-sightedness

Front 34

Hyperopia

Back 34

Far-sightedness

Front 35

Presbyopia

Back 35

Hardening of lens in the eye

Front 36

Cataract

Back 36

Discoloration of the lens in the eye

Front 37

Glaucoma

Back 37

Increased volume of aqueous humor in the eye

Front 38

Astigmatism

Back 38

Irregularities of the lens or cornea in the eye

Front 39

Parasympathetic stimulation of circular muscle of the eye will cause the pupil to ____________ (constrict or dilate).

Back 39

Constrict

Front 40

Sympathetic stimulation of the radial muscle of the eye will cause the pupil to ____________ (constrict or dilate).

Back 40

Dilate

Front 41

The retina is composed entirely of what?

Back 41

Neural tissue

Front 42

Phototransduction

Back 42

Conversion of light energy to nerve cells

Front 43

Exposure to light does what to the rods of the eyes?

Back 43

"Bleaches" them; separates opsin from the retina

Front 44

Photoreceptors communicate to ________ cells, and _________ cells communicate to ganglion cells.

Back 44

Bipolar cells

Front 45

Bleaching of the eyes

Back 45

When the opsin and the neurotransmitter separate ("bleach" out)

Front 46

Bipolar cells are excited by what?

Back 46

Light

Front 47

Glutamate is ________ at ionotropic receptors and _________ at metabotrophic receptors. (Stimulatory or inhibitory)

Back 47

Stimulatory; inhibitory

Front 48

Loudness

Back 48

Change in decibels

Front 49

Pitch

Back 49

Change in sound waves

Front 50

Conductive deafness

Back 50

Inadequate conduction of sound waves through the external and/or middle ear

Front 51

Sensorineural deafness

Back 51

Inadequate transduction of sound waves to electrical signals in inner ear

Front 52

Central deafness

Back 52

Damage to neural pathway for sound

Front 53

Anterial canal of semicircular canals

Back 53

Detects movement of head up or down

Front 54

Posterior canal of semicircular canals

Back 54

Detects movement of head up and down to the side

Front 55

Lateral canal of semicircular canals

Back 55

Detects movement of head from side to side

Front 56

Receptor cells

Back 56

Hair cells

Front 57

Olfactory receptor cells

Back 57

Neurons that respond to odorants

Front 58

Olfactory basal cells

Back 58

Precursor cells for new receptor cells

Front 59

Olfactory sustentacular

Back 59

Maintain extracellular environment

Front 60

The only olfactory neurons that are replaced continuously are ________ cells. (Receptor, basal, sustentacular)

Back 60

Receptor cells