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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hapsis
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Fine touch and pressure
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Nociception
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Pain and temperature sense
Transducers are free nerve endings |
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Transducers for Hapsis
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Meissner’s corpuscle (touch)
Pacinian corpuscle (flutter) Ruffini corpuscle (vibration) Merkel’s receptor (steady skin indent) Hair receptor (flutter or skin indent) |
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Transducers for Proprioception
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Muscle spindle (stretch)
Golgi tendon organ (tendon stretch) Joint receptor (joint movement) |
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Somatosensory Pathways
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Dorsal Tract = Posterior Column/Medial Lemniscal Pathway
Ventral Tract = Anterolater/Spinothalamic Tract |
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Anterolateral/spinothalamic tract
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Nociception and temperature
Smaller, less myelinated fibers Cross in spinal colums |
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Posterior column-medial lemniscal pathway
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Decussation in caudal medulla
Proprioception and hapsis Large and heavily myelinated fibers Ascend in the medial lemniscus after decussation |
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Otolith organs
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Utricle and saccule
Respond to position change and static position of the head in space |
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Ventral posterior lateral nucleus of the thalamus
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Receives information from the neospinothalamic tract and the medial lemniscus of the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway
Projects this sensory information to primary Sensory cortex (Brodmann's Areas 3, 1 and 2) |
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Dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus
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Crucial role in attention, planning, organization, abstract thinking, multi-tasking and active memory
Also a relay for smell? |
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Orbitofrontal region
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Primary Olfactory Cortex
Integration of taste and smell (especially on right) |
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Gustatory pathways
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CN IX (glossopharyngeal), CN X (vagus), CN VII (facial) -> Nucleus of the solitary tract, which projects to two loctions: (1) Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus (and so S1, insula, and orbitofrontal cortex) and (2) Pontine taste area (and to hypothalamus and amygdala)1 and the insula -> Orbitofrontal cortex
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Cranial Nerves for Taste
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CN IX, X, VII
Glossopharyngeal, vague, and facial |
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Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
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Part of taste sensation pathway
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Nucleus of the solitary tract
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Projects taste information to two sites/pathways:
(1) Ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus, and on to S1 and the insula (probably the primary gustatory cortex), and from those sites to OFC (2) Pontine taste area, and onward to feeding related areas of Hypothalamus and Amygdala |
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Periaqueductal gray
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Located around the cerebral aqueduct within the tegmentum of the midbrain
Role in the descending modulation of pain and in defensive behaviour Ascending pain and temperature fibers of the spinothalamic tract also send information to the PAG via the spinomesencephalic tract |
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The McGurke effect
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Perceptual phenomenon
Interaction between hearing and vision in speech perception |
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Synesthesia
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A perceptual condition of mixed sensations
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Pathways from the retina
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(1) Pretectum
(2) Hypothalamus (suprachiasmatic nucleus) (3) Pineal gland (4) Lateral geniculate nucleus (5) Frontal eye fields (6) Superior Colliculus (7) Accessory optic nucleus (8) Visual cortex |
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Retinal ganglion cells
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Send visual information to brain via action potentials
Bipolar cells induce action potentials in retinal ganglion cells |
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Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus
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Part of visual system
6 layers. 2, 3, 5 receive fibers from ipsilateral eye; 1, 4, 6 from contralateral eye |
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V1 (visual cortex, BA 17) topographic organization
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Right visual field projects to area around calcarine fissure.
Upper field projects to area below fissure. Lower field projects to area above. Central field projects to more posterior area on either side of fissure. Peripheral field projects to more anterior area. |
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Primary visual pathway
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retina to LGN to striate cortex to other visual association areas = geniculostriate pathway
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Secondary visual pathway
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retina to superior colliculus (in tectum, the roof of the midbrain) to pulvinar (in posterior thalamus) to other visual association areas = tectopulivnar pathway
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Tectopulivnar
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Seconary visual pathway
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Three qualities of the sound we hear
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pitch (frequency), loudness (amplitude), and timbre (complexity)
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Auditory pathways
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Auditory nerve (CN VIII) to choclear nuclei then decussates to midbrain inferior collicus on the contralateral side and then to medial geniculate nucleus then to primary auditory cortex (BA 41)
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Superior olivary complex
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Plays an important component of the ascending and descending auditory pathways
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Pyriform cortex
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Involved in olfaction
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Causes of visual hallucinations
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(1) inferior temporo-occipital visual association cortex
(2) toxic/metabolic disturbance (3) alcohol/sedative withdrawal (4) focal seizures (5) complex migraine (6) neurodegenerative conditions (e.g., CJD, LBD) (7) narcolepsy (8) midbrain ischemia (6) psychiatric disorders (though auditory more common than visual in latter) |
