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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Receptor & Types |
Specialised nerve ending stimulated by the different types of stimulus Mechanoreceptor - free nerve ending, Meisser corpuscles Nociceptors - free nerve ending Thermoreceptors - end bulb of Krause , end organ of Ruffini Chemoreceptors - receptor of taste and smell Electromagnetic receptor - rods and cones |
D/f type of stimuli |
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Action potential |
✓ a rapid change in the membrane potential followed by returning back to resting membrane potential ✓ non propagatory , non graded ✓ Follows all or none law ✓ it has a refractory period ✓ increase in the intensity of stimulus increase the AP ✓ when RP reached the threshold, AP produced |
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Receptor potential |
When a receptor is adequately stimulated, non propagatory, depolarising potential is developed ✓ Non propa, graded ✓ don't follow all or none law ✓ no refractory period ✓ RP doesn't depend on AP ✓increase in the intensity of stimulus increase the magnitude of RP |
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Labled line principles |
Specificity of nerve fibres for transmitting of only one modality of sensation |
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Bell magendie law |
In the spinal cord dorsal roots are sensory and ventral roots are motor |
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Define tracts, descending tract |
Bundle of nerve fiber carrying sensory or motor impulse from the brain or to the brain Descending - extra pyramidal: rubrospinal, reticulospinal , tectospinal, olivospinal, vestibulospinal - pyramidal: anterior and lateral corticospinal |
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Ascending tracts names |
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Pathway and functions of corticospinal tract |
Function: control skilled and voluntary movement Pathway of superficial reflex |
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Lesion in corticospinal tract |
Loss of voluntary movement in distal limbs Muscle tone increase due to release phenomenon Superficial reflex are absent Deep reflex are exaggerated Knee and ankle clonuses are present Coordination is reduced |
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Release phenomenon |
Escape of LMN from the inhibitory control of UMN |
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Bibinski sign |
Dorsiflexion of great toe and fanning out of other toe in response to scratching the skin along the lateral side of sole of foot - |
Normal : planter flexion of all toe |
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Function of extrapyramidal , lesion |
Function: control movement of eye ball Maintain equilibrium, posture, tone , complex movement of body Transmission of voluntary impulse Lesion : muscle power - weakness Muscle tone: rigidity Coordination is normal but slow Plantar response is flexor |
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Law of projection |
It’s a sensory pathway from receptor to the cerebral cortex stimulated on any particular site along its course. |
Stimulation of receptor |
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Weber - fechner law |
Magnitude of sensation is proportionate to the log of intensity of the stimulus. Interpreted signal strength = log ( stimulus) + constant |
Intensity of stimulus |
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Define emotion and its component |
It’s a subjective, conscious experience of psycho physiological expression 1. Conation ( urge to action) 2. Affection ( feeling itself) 3. Cognition ( awareness) |
Expression CCA |
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Thalamic syndrome Effect of it |
~infraction on the posteroinferior of thalamus causing hemiparesis ~ loss of superficial and deep sensations with preserved crude pain |
* crude touch - Anterior spinothalamic tract |
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Thalamus function |
✅ sensory rely station except olfactory ✅ control of emotion and behaviour, memory mechanisms ✅interpretation of crude and temperature sensation ✅ autonomic control of viscera ✅ it control the motor activity |
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Reticular formation |
Continuous network of nerve cell or fibres that extended from the spinal cord through the MO, pons , midbrain , sub thalamus, hypothalamus |
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Nicotinic receptor |
It’s a ligand gated ion channel found in autonomic ganglia at the synapse Btw sympathetic, parasympathetic system Nm neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle Nn post ganglionic neuron , cns |
Ligand gated channel - btwn Skeletal muscle |
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Basal ganglia Structure |
Collection of masses of grey matter Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus Subthalamic nucleus Substantia nigra |
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Function of basal ganglia |
Planning and programming of movement Control axial and girdle movement Cognitive process |
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Basal ganglia disorder |
Hyperkinetic - chorea , athetosis, Ballism Hypokinetic - Akinesia , bradykinesia Parkinson’s Huntington’s |
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Hyperkinetic disorders |
Athetosis - continuous slow writhing movement Ballism- involuntary, flailing, violent movement Chorea - rapid , involuntary dancing movement |
ABC |
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Hyperkinetic disorders |
Athetosis - continuous slow writhing movement Ballism- involuntary, flailing, violent movement Chorea - rapid , involuntary dancing movement |
ABC |
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Hypokinetic disorder |
Akinesia - difficulty in initiating movement and decrease in spontaneous movement. Bradykinesia - slowness of the movement |
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Hyperkinetic disorders |
Athetosis - continuous slow writhing movement Ballism- involuntary, flailing, violent movement Chorea - rapid , involuntary dancing movement |
ABC |
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Hypokinetic disorder |
Akinesia - difficulty in initiating movement and decrease in spontaneous movement. Bradykinesia - slowness of the movement |
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Parkinson’s is hyper or hypo ? Caused by ? |
Both hyper nd hypo Deficiency of NT dopamine in corpus striatum and lesion in substantia nigra |
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Hunting’s disease Effect ? |
Degeneration of neuron in the inhibitory pathway between the corpus striatum and substantia nigra . Reduction in the secretion of GABA ,substance P, acetyl CoA |
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Function of cerebellum |
Control the same side of the body ( ipsilateral movement) Coordinate the voluntary movement ( axial musculature and bilateral movement) Control the tone, posture, crude movement. Controls the fine movement |
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Division of cerebellum with its physiological name ? |
Archi - vestibulocerebellum Paleo - spino Neo - cerebrocerebellum |
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Archicerebellum formed by Function? |
Flocculonodular lobe Lingula Axial , bilateral movement |
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Paleo cerebellum Function |
Anterior lobe minus lingula Uvula , pyramid Tone , posture, crude movement |
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Paleo cerebellum Function |
Anterior lobe minus lingula Uvula , pyramid Tone , posture, crude movement |
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Neocerebellum formed by and function |
Middle lobe except uvula , pyramid Regulation of fine movement |
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Reflex/ Reflex action Reflex arc |
Involuntary motor response due to any sensory stimuli
Complete anatomical pathway of reflex action is called reflex arc |
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Superficial reflex with root value |
Abdominal reflex T 10-12 Corneal reflex C 5-6 Plantar reflex L5- S1 |
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Superficial reflex with root value |
Abdominal reflex T 10-12 Corneal reflex C 5-6 Plantar reflex L5- S1 |
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Deep reflex |
Knee jerk L2-4 Ankle jerk L5-S2 Biceps jerk C5-6 |
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Superficial reflex with root value |
Abdominal reflex T 10-12 Corneal reflex C 5-6 Plantar reflex L5- S1 |
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Deep reflex |
Knee jerk L2-4 Ankle jerk L5-S2 Biceps jerk C5-6 |
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Visceral reflex |
Pupillary reflex Vomitting , micturation reflex , baroreceptor |
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Superficial reflex with root value |
Abdominal reflex T 10-12 Corneal reflex C 5-6 Plantar reflex L5- S1 |
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Deep reflex |
Knee jerk L2-4 Ankle jerk L5-S2 Biceps jerk C5-6 |
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Visceral reflex |
Pupillary reflex Vomitting , micturation reflex , baroreceptor |
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Pathological reflex |
Babinski sign Clonus Pednular movement |
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Reflex classification |
Clinical No. Of synapse Physiological ( flexor , extensor ) Somatic , autonomic reflex Inborn or acquired ( condition , unconditioned) |
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Inhibition Irradiation |
Inhibitory response to pre, post synaptic inhibition If the impulse is stronger than the normal it spread to the other neuron |
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Function of tract of gall and burdach |
Fine touch sensation Tactile localisations, discrimination Sense of vibration Sensory pathway for superficial reflex |
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Cerebellum lesion signs |
Hypotonia Gait Ataxia Intention tremor Dysmetria Dysdiadochokinesia ( inability of rapid alteration movement) Nystagmus Rebound phenomenon Knee jerk |
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Function of anterior spinothalamic tract |
Light touch Pressure sensation on opp. Side |
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Function of anterior spinothalamic tract |
Light touch Pressure sensation on opp. Side |
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Lateral spinothalamic tract function |
Temperature, tickling, pain , sexual sensation |
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Function of anterior spinothalamic tract |
Light touch Pressure sensation on opp. Side |
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Lateral spinothalamic tract function |
Temperature, tickling, pain , sexual sensation |
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Spinal cord lesion Below the level |
Opp Extensive sensory loss , Little sensory loss Same side Little sensory loss , extensive motor loss |
Aka brown sequard syndrome |
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Function of anterior spinothalamic tract |
Light touch Pressure sensation on opp. Side |
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Lateral spinothalamic tract function |
Temperature, tickling, pain , sexual sensation |
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Spinal cord lesion Below the level |
Opp Extensive sensory loss , Little sensory loss Same side Little sensory loss , extensive motor loss |
Aka brown sequard syndrome |
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Changes at the level of section |
Same side Motor loss - complete paralysis of LMN. Sensory - complete anesthesia due to destruction of dorsal nerve root |
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Function of anterior spinothalamic tract |
Light touch Pressure sensation on opp. Side |
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Lateral spinothalamic tract function |
Temperature, tickling, pain , sexual sensation |
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Spinal cord lesion Below the level |
Opp Extensive sensory loss , Little sensory loss Same side Little sensory loss , extensive motor loss |
Aka brown sequard syndrome |
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Changes at the level of section |
Same side Motor loss - complete paralysis of LMN. Sensory - complete anesthesia due to destruction of dorsal nerve root |
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UMN LMN |
UMN - neuron of cerebral cortex and brain stem LMN - neuron of cranial and spinal |
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Function of anterior spinothalamic tract |
Light touch Pressure sensation on opp. Side |
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Lateral spinothalamic tract function |
Temperature, tickling, pain , sexual sensation |
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Spinal cord lesion Below the level |
Opp Extensive sensory loss , Little sensory loss Same side Little sensory loss , extensive motor loss |
Aka brown sequard syndrome |
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Changes at the level of section |
Same side Motor loss - complete paralysis of LMN. Sensory - complete anesthesia due to destruction of dorsal nerve root |
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UMN LMN |
UMN - neuron of cerebral cortex and brain stem LMN - neuron of cranial and spinal |
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Muscle spindle |
Receptor which provide the sensory information that used by the cns for the control of muscle activity |
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Function of anterior spinothalamic tract |
Light touch Pressure sensation on opp. Side |
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Lateral spinothalamic tract function |
Temperature, tickling, pain , sexual sensation |
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Spinal cord lesion Below the level |
Opp Extensive sensory loss , Little sensory loss Same side Little sensory loss , extensive motor loss |
Aka brown sequard syndrome |
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Changes at the level of section |
Same side Motor loss - complete paralysis of LMN. Sensory - complete anesthesia due to destruction of dorsal nerve root |
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UMN LMN |
UMN - neuron of cerebral cortex and brain stem LMN - neuron of cranial and spinal |
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Muscle spindle |
Receptor which provide the sensory information that used by the cns for the control of muscle activity |
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Nerve supply of muscle spindle |
Motor - delta fiber Sensory - Annulospiral ( group 1A) Flowers spray ending ( group 2) |
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Function of anterior spinothalamic tract |
Light touch Pressure sensation on opp. Side |
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Lateral spinothalamic tract function |
Temperature, tickling, pain , sexual sensation |
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Spinal cord lesion Below the level |
Opp Extensive sensory loss , Little sensory loss Same side Little sensory loss , extensive motor loss |
Aka brown sequard syndrome |
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Changes at the level of section |
Same side Motor loss - complete paralysis of LMN. Sensory - complete anesthesia due to destruction of dorsal nerve root |
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UMN LMN |
UMN - neuron of cerebral cortex and brain stem LMN - neuron of cranial and spinal |
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Muscle spindle |
Receptor which provide the sensory information that used by the cns for the control of muscle activity |
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Nerve supply of muscle spindle |
Motor - delta fiber Sensory - Annulospiral ( group 1A) Flowers spray ending ( group 2) |
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Function of muscle spindle Function of muscle tone |
Responsible for stretch reflex Control the muscle tone, posture, length
Maintenance of posture, appearance and bias of reflex action, voluntary movement |
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Function of anterior spinothalamic tract |
Light touch Pressure sensation on opp. Side |
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Lateral spinothalamic tract function |
Temperature, tickling, pain , sexual sensation |
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Spinal cord lesion Below the level |
Opp Extensive sensory loss , Little sensory loss Same side Little sensory loss , extensive motor loss |
Aka brown sequard syndrome |
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Changes at the level of section |
Same side Motor loss - complete paralysis of LMN. Sensory - complete anesthesia due to destruction of dorsal nerve root |
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UMN LMN |
UMN - neuron of cerebral cortex and brain stem LMN - neuron of cranial and spinal |
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Muscle spindle |
Receptor which provide the sensory information that used by the cns for the control of muscle activity |
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Nerve supply of muscle spindle |
Motor - delta fiber Sensory - Annulospiral ( group 1A) Flowers spray ending ( group 2) |
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Function of muscle spindle Function of muscle tone |
Responsible for stretch reflex Control the muscle tone, posture, length
Maintenance of posture, appearance and bias of reflex action, voluntary movement |
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Muscle tone |
Partial contraction of muscle during resting conditions due to asynchronous discharge of impulse from motor nerve |
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