Lab: Sensory Physiology And Reflexes

Front 1

sensory receptors

Back 1

-cells that detect information from inside and outside the body

-transduce stimuli into electrical signals in neurons

Front 2

sensory systems being studied

Back 2

-vision

-hearing

-equilibrium

-touch

-reflexes

Front 3

cones

Back 3

-for color vision

-most concentrated on the fovea centralis

-gives us highest acuity for central vision

Front 4

rods

Back 4

-in periphery of the retina

-give light sensitivity for our peropheral vision

Front 5

optic disc

Back 5

-no photoreceptors

-blind spot

Front 6

cornea

Back 6

-where light enters through the eye

Front 7

lens

Back 7

where light is refracted in the eye

Front 8

retina

Back 8

where reflected light rays are focused

Front 9

bulging lens

Back 9

a result of looking at something close up so it can be focused on the retina

Front 10

flattened lens

Back 10

a result of looking at something far away

Front 11

accomodation

Back 11

process of changing the shape of our lens to keep an object in focus as it moves closer

Front 12

ciliary muscle & zonular fibers

Back 12

parts of the eye that assist in accomodation of the lens

Front 13

phototransduction

Back 13

-the process of turning light energy into a neural signal

-counter-intuitive because light on the photoreceptor decreases NT release

Front 14

bleached

Back 14

-what happens to a photoreceptor if exposed to a large amount of high intensity light

-cannot be stimulated at this time

Front 15

somatosensory system

Back 15

contains:

-exteroceptors

-proprioceptors

Front 16

exteroceptors

Back 16

-respond to stimuli outside the body and typically found close to the body's surface

-each has a receptive field

Front 17

receptive field

Back 17

their size is determined by the amount of convergence or divergence

Front 18

divergence

Back 18

occurs if one receptor or neuron connects to multiple second order neurons

Front 19

convergence

Back 19

occurs if multiple receptors or neurons connect to a single second order neuron

Front 20

proprioceptors

Back 20

-specialized mechanoreceptors that respond to stimuli inside your body from skeletal muscle , CT, tendons, ligaments and joints

-important for balance and coordination

Front 21

muscle spindles

Back 21

-proprioceptors in skeletal muscle

-extensions of dendrites coiled around specialized intrafusal fibers

-helps muscles work in antagonistic pairs

Front 22

golgi tendon organs

Back 22

-proprioceptors in tendons

-dendrites from a sensory fiber incapsulated on a tendon

Front 23

cohlea

Back 23

structure found within the inner ear that transduces sound

Front 24

organ of corti

Back 24

-within the cochlea

-composed of hair cells that contain stereocilia which are embedded in the tectorial membrane

Front 25

deafness

Back 25

any degree of hearing loss

Front 26

conduction deafness

Back 26

-inadequate conduction of the sound wave through the external or middle ear

-ex: ruptured eardrum

Front 27

sensorineural deafness

Back 27

-results from damage to neural structures involved with hearing

Front 28

reflexes

Back 28

-simple, fast and largely predictable responses to stimuli

-may be internal or external

-transduced by receptors

-communicated via neurons or hormones

Front 29

reflex arcs

Back 29

-neural pathways for reflexes

-sensory receptor, afferent neuron, integration center (CNS), efferent neuron, effector organ

Front 30

somatic reflex

Back 30

-when the reflex is sent through a somatic motor neuron to the skeletal muscle

-either increases or decreases muscle contraction

Front 31

autonomic reflex

Back 31

-the the reflex travels through autonimic neursons to smooth/caridac muscles or glands

-effects can be pupillary constriction/dilation arterial constriction/dilation, changes in HR, increase/decrease in hormone release

Front 32

contralateral reflex

Back 32

when the reaction occurs on the opposite side of the stimulus

Front 33

ipsilateral reflex

Back 33

when the reaction occurs on the same side of the body as the stimulus

Front 34

knee jerk reflex

Back 34

-example of a spinal reflex

-also called "myotatic"

-muscle activates muscle spindle afferents--->spinal cord ---> motor neurons---> reflex contraction

Front 35

patellar tendon

Back 35

when tapped, this activates the knee jerk reflex

Front 36

monosynaptic reflex

Back 36

-muscle spindle stretch reflex

-on quadriceps

Front 37

interneuron

Back 37

-in second reflex arc of the knee jerk reflex

-inhibits motir neurons, causing the hamstring to relax during the knee jerk reflex

-makes this reflex polysynaptic

Front 38

spinal reflexes

Back 38

very important when trying to diagnose the damage to the nerves or spinal cord

Front 39

number of receptive fields

Back 39

we will determine how __________ influences tactile spatial acuity

Front 40

age

Back 40

we will determine how accomodation changes as we ______

Front 41

afterimages

Back 41

we will determine how the mechanism of phototransduction applies to ________

Front 42

weber's and RInne's hearing tests

Back 42

we will determine how sound is transduced/diagnose conduction/sensorineural deafness using ______________

Front 43

muscle spindles & golgi tendon organs

Back 43

we will test how _____________ can detect the position of the body and explain how the body responded to the stretching of these organs

Front 44

static equilibrium

Back 44

we will determine how vision and balance are coordinated in the test of ______________

Front 45

what/why/how

Back 45

we will determine the ________ of knee jerk reflexes and the players/functions

Front 46

cutaneous receptors

Back 46

-type of exteroceptors

-found in our skin

Front 47

2 point (threshold)

Back 47

with the calipers we will see how far apart the points must be for the subject to percieve ________

Front 48

near point

Back 48

-the closest at which we can focus

-to be measured in centimeters

Front 49

red, green and blue

Back 49

-types of cones in the retina

-each responds to light within a different range of wavelengths

-actual color perception relies on activation of all three

Front 50

optic nerve

Back 50

-formed by approximately 1 million axons of the ganglion cells of the retina

-exits the ye at the optic disc

Front 51

tuning fork

Back 51

-metal instrument used in both hearing tests

-vibrate at a set frequency to produce a tone when struck

Front 52

Rinne test

Back 52

-tuning fork (at 512 Hz) is held against the mastoid process (causes vib. thru skull and inner ear) and then next to the ear

-patient is asked which is louder: sound through the bone or sound through the air

Front 53

Weber test

Back 53

-tuning fork (at 256 Hz) is placed at the midline of the skull and face

-patient is asked to identify which ear hears the sounds

-helps determine hearing through bone conduction only and useful when hearing loss is asymmetrical