Senses And Neuro For Psych

Front 1

Acetylcholine functions as neurotransmitter

Back 1

Peripheral nervous: transmits signals to muscles

Is used by parasympathetic and small amount of sympathetic nervous system.

In cns it is associated with attention and arousal. Loss associated with Alzheimer’s

Is inhibitory for heart, excitatory for muscle, cns is excitatory

Front 2

Epi and norepinephrine

Back 2

Related to dopamine as all three are catecholamines or monoamines. Important for emotions. Associated with sympathetic. Norepi is more a neurotransmitter and epi is more a hormone

Front 3

Dopamine

Back 3

Movement and posture. Found in basal ganglia

Associated with schizophrenia. High amount or high sensitivity is schizo low is Parkinson’s

Front 4

Setotonin

Back 4

Mood, eating, sleeping, dreaming. Also a monoamine

Also part of mania/depression like norepinephrine

Front 5

GABA

Back 5

Inhibitory. Hyperpolarizes post synaptic membrane. Stabilizes brain activity

Front 6

Glycine and glutamate

Back 6

Glycine inhibitory by influx of Cl to polar post synaptic membrane like GABA

Glutamate: excitatory

Front 7

Neuromodulators

Back 7

Also neuropeptide. Slow longer acting neurotransmitter. Endorphins are an example and are pain killers

Front 8

Rooting reflex

Back 8

Turning of head towards touched cheek

Front 9

Moro reflex

Back 9

When infant head moves abruptly they cry and reach out

Front 10

Rough phases of social development

Back 10

Baby: gets stranger and separation anxiety

Two years: parallel play( children play alongside but don’t influence one another)

Three: gender identity and name

5: peer conformity and liking girls

Front 11

Motor skill types

Back 11

Gross: big whole body movements

Fine: drawing catching

Front 12

What is the trend of motor skill development?

Back 12

Gross motor skills tend to go head to toe order

Front 13

Social skill trends

Back 13

Parents, self, others

Front 14

Transduction vs perception

Back 14

Transduction is conversion of environment signals to nerve signals

Perception is the processing of the electrical info

Front 15

Proximal and distal atimuli

Back 15

Distal, stuff that is away from observer such as campfire

Proximal, the photons and heat that touch our body.

Front 16

Threshold (sensory)

Back 16

Minimum stim that changed perception

Front 17

Threshold (sensory)

Back 17

Minimum stim that changed perception

Front 18

Absolute thresholg

Back 18

Minimum stimulus required to activate a sensor. Not perception

Front 19

Jnd can be tested with

Back 19

Discrimination testing

Front 20

Weber’s law

Back 20

That a JND is a constant proportion

Front 21

Signal detectionctheory

Back 21

How we use perception based internal factors and environmental context

Front 22

Response bias

Back 22

SDT related. Tendency of a subject to respond to a stim a certain way due to non sensory factors

Front 23

Signal detection experiment traits

Back 23

Signals are presented and person indicates when they sense it

Trial with signal catch trial

Without noise trial

If subject says yes and: signal present is hit signal not is false alarm

If subject says no and: signal absent correct negative signal there miss

Front 24

Vessels that supply eye

Back 24

Choroidal vessels

Choroid is layer between sclera and retina

Front 25

Vessels that supply eye

Back 25

Choroidal vessels

Choroid is layer between sclera and retina

Front 26

Muscles that control pupil

Back 26

Dilator pupillae: dilates

Constrictor pupillae: constricte

Front 27

Vessels that supply eye

Back 27

Choroidal vessels

Choroid is layer between sclera and retina

Front 28

Muscles that control pupil

Back 28

Dilator pupillae: dilates

Constrictor pupillae: constricte

Front 29

Ciliary body

Back 29

Produces aqueous humor which drains into canal of Schlem.

It and iris continuous with choroid

Front 30

Vessels that supply eye

Back 30

Choroidal vessels

Choroid is layer between sclera and retina

Front 31

Muscles that control pupil

Back 31

Dilator pupillae: dilates

Constrictor pupillae: constricte

Front 32

Ciliary body

Back 32

Produces aqueous humor which drains into canal of Schlem.

It and iris continuous with choroid

Front 33

Ciliary muscle

Back 33

Part of ciliary body.

Under parasympathetic control

It pulls the suspensory ligament to change lens shape called accommodation

Front 34

Duplicity theory of vision

Back 34

Rods and cones

Front 35

Rods have a pigment called______

Back 35

Rhodopsin

Front 36

Macula and fovea

Back 36

Macula is a dark spot on retina with mostly cones

Fovea is the center of macula and only has cones

Front 37

Rods and cones connect with _____cells that synapse with ______ cells which group and form ______

Back 37

Bipolar

Ganglion

Optic nerves

Front 38

There are many more rods and cones than ganglion cells which results in a loss of _____

Back 38

Detail

Front 39

Horizontal and amacrine cells

Back 39

Also receive rod cone signals and transfer to ganglion cells. Help detect edges and contrasts

Front 40

Horizontal and amacrine cells

Back 40

Also receive rod cone signals and transfer to ganglion cells. Help detect edges and contrasts

Front 41

Visual info that strikes nasal side is _____ and temporal ____

This means that_______

Back 41

Crossed over

Same side

All left side viewed stuff goes to right brain and vice versa

Front 42

Visual pathway

Back 42

Optic nerves to optic chiasm (crossover occurs for nasal side)

New paths called optic tracts.

Then lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus, through temporal and parietal lobes and finally to visual cortex I. Occipital lobe

Some inputs go to superior colliculus which controls response and reflex

Front 43

Parallel processing

Back 43

Simultaneously processing color, shape, and motion and comparing to memories to make a determination of what is viewed

Front 44

Parallel processing

Back 44

Simultaneously processing color, shape, and motion and comparing to memories to make a determination of what is viewed

Front 45

Shape detected by

Back 45

Parvocellular cells which have high spatial resolution but low temporal resolution so bad with motion

Front 46

Motion detected by

Back 46

Magnocellular cells

Low spatial and high

Temporal resolution

So fast objects blurry

Front 47

Three ear parts

Back 47

Outer: pinna or auricle channels into external auditory canal to tympanic membrane

Middle: divided by tympanic membrane has the ossicles. Malleus, incus and stapes (hammer anvil stirrup)

Inner: housed in a bony labyrinth. Has the cochlea certitude and semicircular Canal.

Front 48

Three ear parts

Back 48

Outer: pinna or auricle channels into external auditory canal to tympanic membrane

Middle: divided by tympanic membrane has the ossicles. Malleus, incus and stapes (hammer anvil stirrup)

Inner: housed in a bony labyrinth. Has the cochlea certitude and semicircular Canal.

Front 49

Membranous labyrinth

Back 49

Fills the vestibule, cochlea and semicircular canals. Bathed in potassium rich fluid called endolymph. Suspended in perilymph which transmits outside vibrations and cushions

Front 50

Cochlea

Back 50

Spiral organ divided into three scalae that run whole thing. Middle one is actual hearing device called organ of Corti (which has hair cells) that rests on basilar membrane. This scalae has endolymph. Tectorial membrane is immobile and sits on organ of corti. Other two scalae filled with perilymph and transmit vibrations from oval window to basilar membrane

Front 51

Cochlea

Back 51

Spiral organ divided into three scalae that run whole thing. Middle one is actual hearing device called organ of Corti (which has hair cells) that rests on basilar membrane. This scalae has endolymph. Tectorial membrane is immobile and sits on organ of corti. Other two scalae filled with perilymph and transmit vibrations from oval window to basilar membrane

Front 52

Round window

Back 52

Membrane hole permits movement of perilymph in cochlea

Front 53

Eustachian tube

Back 53

Tube that connects middle ear to nasal cavity and equalizes pressure

Front 54

Vestibule

Back 54

Has utricle and saccule which are sensitive to linear acceleration and help balance. They contain modified hair cells with otoliths which resist acceleration

Front 55

Semicircular canals

Back 55

Three of them. Sensitive to rotational acceleration. Have swelling ends called ampulla

Front 56

Semicircular canals

Back 56

Three of them. Sensitive to rotational acceleration. Have swelling ends called ampulla

Front 57

Auditory pathways

Back 57

Hair cell to auditory (vestibulocochlear) nerve. Ascends to median geniculate nucleus (mgn) then to temporal lobe auditory cortex

Some info sent to superior olive for sound localization and inferior colliculus for reflexes

Front 58

Hair cells

Back 58

Have stereocilia. These sway in response to vibration which opens ion channels and causes potential. Tectorial amplifies.

Front 59

Hair cells

Back 59

Have stereocilia. These sway in response to vibration which opens ion channels and causes potential. Tectorial amplifies.

Front 60

Place theory

Back 60

Placement of hair cell on thick or thin part of basilar membrane. High freq pitch vibrates close to oval window, low freq at apex. Thus sound is tonotopically organized

Front 61

Smell and pathway

Back 61

Olfactory chemoreceptors (nerves) on roof of nasal cavity. Many types one for each smell.

Signals go from receptors to olfactory bulb then olfactory tract then to brain and limbic system

Front 62

Taste

Back 62

Detected by chemoreceptors in response to dissolved compounds. Group of receptors called taste buds found on papillae

Goes taste bud to brain stem to taste center in thalamus then brain

Front 63

Somatosensation receptors

Back 63

Pacinian corpuscles: deep pressure and vibration

Meissner corpuscles: light touch

Merkle cells: deep pressure and texture

Ruffini endings: stretch

Free nerve endings: pain and temp

Front 64

Somatosensation receptors

Back 64

Pacinian corpuscles: deep pressure and vibration

Meissner corpuscles: light touch

Merkle cells: deep pressure and texture

Ruffini endings: stretch

Free nerve endings: pain and temp

Front 65

Two point threshold

Back 65

Min distance on skin for stim to be felt as two sensations

Front 66

Temp is measured on skin via

Back 66

Physiological zero. Normal skin temp

Front 67

Gate theory of pain

Back 67

Pain path can be turned off

Front 68

Kinesthetic sense

Back 68

Proprioception

Front 69

Bottom up processing (data driven)

Back 69

Perception based on parallel processing and feature detection to make a picture

Front 70

Bottom up processing (data driven)

Back 70

Perception based on parallel processing and feature detection to make a picture

Front 71

Top doen

Back 71

Identification of thing based on memory and expectations of thing. Cause deja vu

Front 72

Perceptual organizatoon

Back 72

Using both processing types for a whole picture

Front 73

Monocular cues

Back 73

Depth perception. Relative size, converging lines, lighting, and obscuring of one object by anothet

Front 74

Binocular curs

Back 74

Angles between object relative to eyes

Front 75

Form

Back 75

Form is determined by parallel processing feature detection and magnocellular cells for motion

Front 76

Form

Back 76

Form is determined by parallel processing feature detection and magnocellular cells for motion

Front 77

Constancy

Back 77

Something is same despite environment

Front 78

Form

Back 78

Form is determined by parallel processing feature detection and magnocellular cells for motion

Front 79

Constancy

Back 79

Something is same despite environment

Front 80

Gestalt laes

Back 80

Proximity: close objects perceived as groups

Good continuation: elements that appear to follow path are grouped together

Similarity: similar objects grouped

Subjective contours: shapes perceived that aren’t actually there

Closure: lines appear continuous

All governed by law of Praganaz which says we seek symmetry regularity and simplicity