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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Taste and Smell
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Chemorceptors
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tongue
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taste buds enable you to taste
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fungiform papillae
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taste buds located on top of these, mushroom shaped – and in side walls of circumvallate
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taste buds
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a. 3 types of cells
b. taste, support, basal |
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gustatory hairs
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a.project from taste and support cells
b.chemical dissolves in saliva into taste pore to contact hairs c.causes depolarization leading to cranial nerves. |
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glossopharyngeal and facial
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a.thalamus
b. gustatory complex of parietal lobes |
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taste location
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a.sweet – tip
b.salt – sides c.sour – sides d.bitter – back e.umami - pharynx |
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function of taste buds
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a.taste
b.start digestion c.has to be covered in liquid |
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Smell
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Chemoreceptors
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Olfaction
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detects chemical output from food
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loose ability to smell
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food tastes different or not at all
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smell and taste
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together
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Anatomy
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a.mucous layer
b.cell cilia embedded in mucous – molecules have to be dissolved in mucous c.support cells d.nerve axons go through ethmoid bone 1. cribiform plate 2.olfactory bulb and tract |
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Eyelids
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conjunctiva inside, produces lubricating mucus that keeps eye from drying out
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Lacrimal Caruncle
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sebaceous and sweat glands and produces whitish, oily secretions
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Lacrimal Glands
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1.tear ducts – outer corners of eye
2. lacrimal sac - nasal 3.nasal lacrimal ducts – enter nasal cavity 4.lacrimal fluid – mucous, antibodies, lysozyme – enzyme that destroys bacteria |
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pupil
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hole, black choroid layer
a.circular muscles – contract, PS, closes b.radial muscles – contract, S, opens |
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Iris
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colored, regulates amount of light
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lens
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a.ciliary bodies—ciliary muscles – smooth muscles that control lens shape
b.ciliary processes – contain capillaries that secrete the fluid that fills cavity of anterior segment c.suspensory ligament – holds lens in upright position |
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lens
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d.cornea – clear covers front
e.sclera – back of cornea f. aqueous humor—anterior segment, scleral venous sinus g. vitreous humor—posterior segment |
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lens
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h. choroid layer
1.between retina and scler 2.dark brown membranes to absorb light highly vascular 3.continuous with iris i.retina – in front of choroid layer/fovea centralis contains only cones – within macula lutea – “yellow spot” j. retina with macula lutea |
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Retina
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out pocket of brain
A.Pigmented Layer – outer layer B.Neural Layer - inner 1.rods or cones 2.bipolar cells – connect to multiple rods and cones 3.ganglion cells – axons feed into optic nerve where AP is generated 4.optic disk – blindspot, no receptors |
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vertigo
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cupula gets hard – high frequency to break up
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sea sickness
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Que from eyes don’t go with que from inner ear
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cupula
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mass of gelatinous material covering hair cells, support cells
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crista ampularis with cupula
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1.crista contains cupula, hair cells, support cells
2.ampularis contains endolymp 3.fluid moves and bends hair cells nerve impulses vestibulocochlear nerve |
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Semicircular canals
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direction of rotational acceleration or deceleration
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Semicircular canals
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1.bones in 3 different planes—perilymph
2.dynamic equilibrium 3.ampulla with membranous labyrinth – swollen area a. endolymph – in membranous labrynth |
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otolithic membrane moves
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moves cilia – enables you to know position
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utricle and saccule—membranous labyrinth
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a.contain maculae
b.otoliths – calcium carbonate – give weight to otolithic membrane c.otolithic membrane – hair cells with cilia embedded d.endolymph |
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Vestibule
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1.static equilibrium – not moving
2.bony labyrinth—perilymph |
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Organ of Corti—Scala Median
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1.tectorial – upper membrane – hairs touch
2.basilar membrane a.hair cells embedded in basilar membrane b. some touch tectorial membrane, others don’t D. Starts at oval and goes to round window E. Narrow to wider – different parts displaced by different frequencies |
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Middle ear (mechanoreceptor)
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3 bones – ossicles
1.malleus – hammer 2.incus – anvil 3.stapes – stirrup |
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outer ear (mechanoreceptor)
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a.pina
b.exterior auditory canal c.tympanic membrane |
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auditory tube
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connects middle ear with nasopharynx
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2 muscles – keeps bones from moving; therefore controlling loudness
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1.tensor tympani
2.stapedius |
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Rhodopsin – deep purple (photoreception)
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1.in sacs in cones and rods embedded in retina
2.in protein of phospholipid membrane 3.rhodopsin opsin (protein) + retinal (vitamin A derivative) 4.cones 3 wavelengths – red, blue, green 5.helps to see shapes and pictures |
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Dark (photoreception)
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1.Na+ channels open
2.Na+ moves in and continually pumped out – produces dark current 3.channels are open – (–30 mv) resting membrane potential 4. causes neurotransmitter release to be continuous to keep Na+ channels open 5.GMP GDP cycle |
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Light (photoreception)
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1.prevents GMP from cycling
2.Na+ gates close, K+ remains same causing hyperpolarization at (–70 mv) – inhibits neurotransmitter 3.changes rhodopsin to opsin and retinal 4.rods more sensitive than cones |
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Brain Interpretation – image strikes retina inverted
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A.Ipsilateral – stays on same side
B.Contralateral – crosses over to opposite side – goes through optic chiasma C.Overlap – gives 3D image D.Optic tracks end up at LGN – lateral geniculate nucleus E.LGN 1.group of cell bodies 2.part of thalamus 3.then goes to occipital lobe F.Cones-middle, rods-sides |
