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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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General sense of touch |
Temperature Pressure Pain |
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Eyes and vision |
70% of all sensory receptors are in the eyes Each eye has over 1 million fibers |
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Protection for the eye |
Most of the eye is enclosed in a bony orbit A cushion of fat surrounds most of the eye |
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Accessory structures of the eye |
Eyelids Eyelashes Conjunctiva Lacrimal apparatus Extrinsic eye muscles |
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Eyelids and eyelashes |
Tarsal glands lubricator the eye Ciliary glands are located between the eyelashes |
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Conjunctiva |
Membrane that lines the eyelids Connects to the surface of the eye Secretes mucus to lubricate the eye |
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Lacrimal apparatus |
Lacrimal gland-produces lacrimal fluid Lacrimal canals- drain lacrimal fluid from eyes Lacrimal sac- provides passage of lacrimal fluid towards nasal cavity Nasolacrimal duct-empties lacrimal fluid into naval cavity |
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Properties of lacrimal fluid |
Salt and water Contains antibodies and lysosome |
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Eye muscles |
Six muscles attach to the outer surface of the eye Produce eye movement |
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Fibrous layer |
Sclera- white connective tissue Cornea- transparent, central anterior portion, allows for light to pass through |
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Vascular layer |
Choroid is a blood rich nutritive layer in the posterior of the eye Pigments prevent light from scattering Modified anteriorly into two structures Iris, ciliary body, pupil |
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Ciliary body |
Smooth lens attached to lens |
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Iris |
Regulates amount of light entering the eye Gives eye their color |
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Pupil |
Rounded opening in the iris, not black but hollow |
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Sensory layer |
Contains two layers: outer pigmented layer inner neural layer- contains receptor cells (photoreceptors)-> cones, rods Signals pass from photoreceptors via two- neuron chain- bipolar neuron & ganglia neuron Signals leave the retina toward the brain through the optic nerve |
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Optic disc (blind spot) |
Where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball Cannot see images focused on the optic disc |
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Rods |
Most are found towards the edges of the retina allow dim light vision and peripheral vision all perception is in gray tones |
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Cones |
Allowed detailed color vision densest center of the retina 3 types- different cones are sensitive to different wavelengths |
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Fovea centrialis |
Area of the retina with only cones no photo receptor cells are at the optic disc or blind spot |
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Color blindness |
result of the lack of one cone type |
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Lens |
Biconvex crystal like structure Held in place by a suspensory ligament attached to the ciliary body |
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Cataracts |
Results when the lens becomes hard and opaque with age Vision becomes hazy and distorted Eventually causes blindness in eye |
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Chambers of the eye |
Anterior (aqueous) segment Posterior (vitreous) segment |
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Anterior segment |
Watery fluid found between lens and comea similar to blood plasma helps maintain intraocular pressure provides nutrients for the lens and cornea reabsorbed into venous blood through the scleral venous sinus or canal of schlemm |
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Posterior segment |
Gel like substance posterior the lens prevents the eye from collapsing helps maintain intraocular pressure |
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Othalmoscope |
Instrument used to illuminate the interior of eyeball Can detect diabetes, arteriosclerosis, degeneration of the optic nerve and retina |
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Pathway of light through the eye |
Light must be focused to a point on the retina for optimal vision The eye is set for distance vision (over 20 feet away) |
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Accommodation |
The lens must change shape to focus on closer objects (less than 20 feet away) Image formed on the retina is a real image Real images are reversed from left to right, upside down, and smaller than the object |
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Optic chiasma |
Location where the optic nerves cross Fibers from the medial side of each cross over the opposite side of the brain |
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Optic tracts |
Contain fiber from the lateral side of the eye on the same side and the medial side of the opposite eye |
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Eye reflexes |
Autonomic Bright light causes pupils to construct through action of radical, circular, and ciliary muscles Close view of objects causes accommodation Viewing far objects causes convergence |
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Middle ear (tympanic cavity) |
Air filled cavity with temporal bone 2 tubes: one opens from the auditory canal and is covered by tympanic membrane Two is the auditory tube connecting the middle ear w/ the throat- equalizes pressure |
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3 bones of the ear |
Malleus (hammer) Incus (anvil) Stapes (stirrup) Vibrations from eardrum move the mallues-> anvil -> stirrup-> inner ear |
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Inner ear (bong labyrinth) |
Induced sense organs for hearing and balance Filled with perilymph |
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Bony chambers |
Within temporal bone |
Cochlea, Vestibule, semicircular canals |
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Convergence |
Eyes moving medially |
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Emmetropia |
Eye focuses images correctly on the retina |
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Myopia |
Nearsightedness Distance objects appear blurry Short eyeball |
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Astigmatism |
Images are blurry Results from light focusing as lines, not points, on the retina due to unequal curvatures of the cornea or lens |
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Color blindness |
genetic conditions that result in the inability to see certain colors Due to lack of one type of cone |
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Glaucoma |
Can cause blindness from increasing pressure |
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Hemianopia |
Loss of the same side of the visual field of both eyes Results from damage to the visual cortex on one side |
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Ear receptors |
Mechanoreceptors |
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External ear |
Hearing only Auricle (pinna) External acoustic meatus (auditory canal)- narrow chamber in the temporal bone, lined with skin and cerminous (wax) glands, ends at tympanic membrane |
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Eye reflexes |
Autonomic Bright light causes pupils to construct through action of radical, circular, and ciliary muscles Close view of objects causes accommodation Viewing far objects causes convergence |
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Middle ear (tympanic cavity) |
Air filled cavity with temporal bone 2 tubes: one opens from the auditory canal and is covered by tympanic membrane Two is the auditory tube connecting the middle ear w/ the throat- equalizes pressure |
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3 bones of the ear |
Malleus (hammer) Incus (anvil) Stapes (stirrup) Vibrations from eardrum move the mallues-> anvil -> stirrup-> inner ear |
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Inner ear (bong labyrinth) |
Induced sense organs for hearing and balance Filled with perilymph |
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Bony chambers |
Within temporal bone |
Cochlea, Vestibule, semicircular canals |
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Equilibrium receptors |
Vestibular apparatus Has two parts: static and dynamic equilibrium |
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Static equilibrium |
Maculae-receptors in the vestibule report on the position of the head send info via the vestibular nerves |
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Anatomy of static equilibrium |
Hair cells are embedded in the otolithic membranes |
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Convergence |
Eyes moving medially |
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Emmetropia |
Eye focuses images correctly on the retina |
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Myopia |
Nearsightedness Distance objects appear blurry Short eyeball |
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Astigmatism |
Images are blurry Results from light focusing as lines, not points, on the retina due to unequal curvatures of the cornea or lens |
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Color blindness |
genetic conditions that result in the inability to see certain colors Due to lack of one type of cone |
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Glaucoma |
Can cause blindness from increasing pressure |
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Hemianopia |
Loss of the same side of the visual field of both eyes Results from damage to the visual cortex on one side |
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Ear receptors |
Mechanoreceptors |
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External ear |
Hearing only Auricle (pinna) External acoustic meatus (auditory canal)- narrow chamber in the temporal bone, lined with skin and cerminous (wax) glands, ends at tympanic membrane |
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Eye reflexes |
Autonomic Bright light causes pupils to construct through action of radical, circular, and ciliary muscles Close view of objects causes accommodation Viewing far objects causes convergence |
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Middle ear (tympanic cavity) |
Air filled cavity with temporal bone 2 tubes: one opens from the auditory canal and is covered by tympanic membrane Two is the auditory tube connecting the middle ear w/ the throat- equalizes pressure |
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3 bones of the ear |
Malleus (hammer) Incus (anvil) Stapes (stirrup) Vibrations from eardrum move the mallues-> anvil -> stirrup-> inner ear |
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Inner ear (bong labyrinth) |
Induced sense organs for hearing and balance Filled with perilymph |
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Bony chambers |
Within temporal bone |
Cochlea, Vestibule, semicircular canals |
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Equilibrium receptors |
Vestibular apparatus Has two parts: static and dynamic equilibrium |
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Static equilibrium |
Maculae-receptors in the vestibule report on the position of the head send info via the vestibular nerves |
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Anatomy of static equilibrium |
Hair cells are embedded in the otolithic membranes |
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Convergence |
Eyes moving medially |
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Emmetropia |
Eye focuses images correctly on the retina |
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Myopia |
Nearsightedness Distance objects appear blurry Short eyeball |
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Astigmatism |
Images are blurry Results from light focusing as lines, not points, on the retina due to unequal curvatures of the cornea or lens |
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Color blindness |
genetic conditions that result in the inability to see certain colors Due to lack of one type of cone |
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Glaucoma |
Can cause blindness from increasing pressure |
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Hemianopia |
Loss of the same side of the visual field of both eyes Results from damage to the visual cortex on one side |
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Ear receptors |
Mechanoreceptors |
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External ear |
Hearing only Auricle (pinna) External acoustic meatus (auditory canal)- narrow chamber in the temporal bone, lined with skin and cerminous (wax) glands, ends at tympanic membrane |
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