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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. Of the 4 types of projections on the tongue, which are most numerous? Which contain taste buds in the adults.
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Filiform papillae - they are the most abundant papillae on the human tongue. Vallate papillae;up to half of all taste buds. Fungiform papillae -Each has about three taste buds
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2. Be able to identify & tell function of following structures.
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below:
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taste pore
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Taste (gustatory) cells are more or less banana shaped and have a tuft of apical microvilli called taste hairs.
i. The hairs project into a pit called a taste pore on the epithelial surface of the tongue. |
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taste cells
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Taste (gustatory) cells are more or less banana shaped and have a tuft of apical microvilli called taste hairs.
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Supporting cells
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Supporting cells resemble taste cells but have no taste hairs or sensory role.
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Basal cells
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Basal cells are stem cells that multiply and replace taste cells that have died.
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3. List 5 primary taste sensations:
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salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umami
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4. List 3 other factors that influence taste besides taste buds?
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Flavors we perceive are influenced not only by the five primary tastes, but also by texture, aroma, temperature, appearance, and state of mind.
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5. T or F. Olfactory cells are actually neurons, while taste cells are epithelia cells that synapse with neurons?
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True. ii. Taste cells are epithelial cells but synapse with sensory nerve fibers at their base and are able to release neurotransmitters. Olfactory cells are neurons shaped like little bowling pins
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6. T or F. Olfactory cells are the only neurons that are directly exposed to the external environment?
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True. Olfactory cells are the only neurons directly exposed to the environment and they have a life span of only 60 days; however, unlike most neurons they are replaceable.
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7. Briefly describe structure & function of olfactory mucosa?
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Smell (olfaction) is detected by receptor cells in a patch of epithelium, the olfactory mucosa, in the roof of the nasal cavity. (pp. 597–599) (Fig. 16.7)
1. Anatomically, the olfactory mucosa covers about 5 square cm of the superior concha, cribriform plate, and nasal septum of each nasal fossa. a. It consists of 10 to 20 million olfactory cells as well as epithelial supporting cells and basal stem cells; the rest of the cavity is lined by a nonsensory respiratory mucosa. |
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8. Be able to ident & tell the function of the following structures?
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below:
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olfactory cells
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smell
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basal cells
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Basal cells are stem cells that multiply and replace taste cells that have died.
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mitral cells
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In the olfactory bulbs, the fibers synapse with dendrites of two types of neurons, mitral cells and tufted cells, in spherical clusters called glomeruli. (Fig. 16.7 b)
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tufted cell
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Axons from the tufted and mitral cells form bundles called olfactory tracts that course posteriorly along the underside of the frontal lobes.
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a.
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In the olfactory bulbs, the fibers synapse with dendrites of two types of neurons, mitral cells and tufted cells, in spherical clusters called glomeruli. (Fig. 16.7 b)
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olfactory tract
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Axons from the tufted and mitral cells form bundles called olfactory tracts. Where olfactory signals travel from bulbs to temporal lobes & relayed.
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granule cell
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Most areas of olfactory cortex also send fibers back to the olfactory bulbs by way of granule cells, neurons that can inhibit the mitral and tufted cells.
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9. List the parts of the outer, middle & inner ear?
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Anatomically, the ear consists of three sections, the outer, middle, and inner ear, of which the first two are concerned only with transmitting sound to the inner ear.
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outer
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auricle & auditory canal
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Middle
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tympanic membrane & an air filled typanic cavity containing 3 bones, malleus, incus & stapes & 2 muscles
tensor tympani & stapedius. |
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inner
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fluid filled chambers & tubes (membraneous labyrinth) including vestibule, semicircular ducts & cochlear duct.
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10. What is main job of outer ear?
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essentially a funnel for conducting airborne vibrations to the tympanic membrane (eardrum). i. The outer end of the canal is protected by stiff guard hairs.
ii. The canal has ceruminous and sebaceous glands whose secretions mix with dead skin cells and form cerumen (earwax). iii. These block foreign particles and pests from entering the auditory canal iv. Cerumen also contains lysozyme and has a low pH, which inhibit bacterial growth; it also waterproofs the canal and keeps the tympanic membrane pliable. |
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11. What is job of semicircular ducts, what type of fluid is found in them?
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. In humans, the receptors for equilibrium constitute the vestibular apparatus, consisting of three semicircular ducts and two chapters, the anterior saccule and posterior utricle. Fluid is endolymph.
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12. What is job of saccule & utricle?
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The saccule and utricle detect static equilibrium and linear acceleration; the semicircular ducts detect only angular acceleration.
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13. Which part of inner ear is considered organ of hearing? In this part of ear, name area where vibrations are converted into nerve impulses that can be transmitted to brain?
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The organ of hearing is the cochlea, a coiled tube that arises from the anterior side of the vestibule. Within the cochlear duct is the spiral organ (acoustic organ or organ of Corti), which converts vibrations into nerve impulses.
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14. What is difference betw auditory canal and auditory tube?
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The auditory canal is the passage leading from the external acoustic meatus (external ear opening) through the temporal bone to the tympanic membrane. Tube: The middle-ear chamber is filled with air. There is an opening from the middle ear to the throat through a tube called the eustachian tube. The eustachian tube helps to equalize pressure on both sides of the eardrum.
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15. Name components of 3 tunics that form wall of the eye ball.
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Anatomically, the eyeball itself is a sphere about 24 mm in diameter with three principle components: the three tunics; optical components that admit and focus light; and neural components including the retina and optic nerve.
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outer-
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The outer layer is the fibrous layer (tunica fibrosa) and is divided into two regions, the sclera and the cornea.
i. The sclera, or white of the eye, covers most of the eye surface and consists of dense collagenous tissue perforated by blood vessels and nerves. ii. The cornea is the anterior transparent region of modified sclera that admits light. |
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middle
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The middle layer is the vascular layer (tunica vasculosa), also called the uvea; it contains three regions.
i. The choroid is a highly vascular, deeply pigmented layer behind the retina. ii. The ciliary body forms a muscular ring around the lens; it supports the iris and lens and secretes aqueous humor. iii. The iris is an adjustable diaphragm that controls the diameter of the pupil; the pigmented posterior pigment epithelium blocks stray light, while chromatophores in the pigmented anterior border layer is responsible for eye color. |
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inner
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The inner layer (tunica interna) consists of the retina and beginning of the optic nerve.
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16. Name optical components of the eye?
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The optical components of the eye are transparent elements that admit light, bend its rays, and focus images on the retina; they include the cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous body.
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17. Name the neural components of the eye?
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the neural components are the retina and optic nerve.
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18. Where is the blind spot in visual field of ea eye?
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The optic disc produces a blind spot in the visual field of each eye.
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19. In what part of eye do photoreceptors synapse with neurons that carry visual info to brain?
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retina (rods/cones) and optic nerve.
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